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. 2022 Feb 24;45(4):1651–1667. doi: 10.1007/s10753-022-01648-7

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© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2022

This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

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Fig. 2 — Oxidative statue in Covid-19 regarding effect of allopurinol treatment: (I): total oxidant status (TOS) was lower in mild-moderate Covid-19 patients as compared with severely Covid-19 patients on standard treatment alone (*P = 0.0001 and ^#P = 0.007) as compared with severely affected Covid-19 patients on standard treatment plus allopurinol. TOS was lower in severely affected Covid-19 patients on standard treatment plus allopurinol than severely affected Covid-19 patients on standard treatment alone (^&P = 0.04). (II): Total antioxidant status (TAS) was higher in mild-moderate Covid-19 patients as compared with severely Covid-19 patients on standard treatment alone (*P = 0.0001 and ^#P = 0.007) as compared with severely affected Covid-19 patients on standard treatment plus allopurinol. TAS was higher in severely affected Covid-19 patients on standard treatment plus allopurinol than severely affected Covid-19 patients on standard treatment alone (^&P = 0.005). (III): Oxidative stress index (OSI) was lower in mild-moderate Covid-19 patients as compared with severely Covid-19 patients on standard treatment alone (*P = 0.0001), but not significant as compared with severely affected Covid-19 patients on standard treatment plus allopurinol (^#P = 0.08). OSI was lower in severely affected Covid-19 patients on standard treatment plus allopurinol than severely affected Covid-19 patients on standard treatment alone (^&P = 0.04).