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. 2022 Jan 10;15(2):289–300. doi: 10.1038/s41385-021-00477-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Mice were fed either a control diet containing soybean oil or HFD for 3 months with or without oral administration of αKetoA (dose: 10 μg/mouse, 3 times/week), and epididymal adipose tissues were analyzed through flow cytometry. The number of macrophages (7-AAD⁻CD45⁺Ly6G⁻F4/80⁺CD11b⁺) was calculated on the basis of total cell numbers and flow cytometric data. Data are combined from four independent experiments. b After the HFD was fed for 4 months with or without oral administration of αKetoA (dose: 10 μg/mouse, 3 times/week), macrophages were isolated from epididymal adipose tissues and examined for gene expression of Nos2 and Fizz1 as markers of M1 and M2 macrophages, respectively. Data are combined from four independent experiments. c, d In vitro assay of bone marrow-derived macrophages. Gene expression levels were normalized to that of Actinb and expressed as ratios to control data. Data are combined from six independent experiments. Statistical significance was evaluated by using one-way ANOVA for comparison of multiple groups and the Mann–Whitney test for two groups; ****p < 0.0001; ***p < 0.001; **p < 0.01; *p < 0.05; N.S. not significant.