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. 2022 Feb 23;13:1014. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28546-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — The left-hand label displays the mean HR, the 95% confidence interval (CI), the P value, and the Δ HR. The Δ HR measure is the difference of the current HR estimate and the baseline, structured, HR estimate. For surgery vs. active monitoring and radiation vs. active monitoring for prostate cancer, we have included the exact results from the RCT in red for comparison. For the remaining cohorts, clinical expertise suggests equipoise between the treatments. We see that the inclusion of our potential confounders shift the HR point estimate in the direction of the RCT and reduces the selection bias. The blue labels below each graph indicate which treatment is better in terms of HR comparison. We display the HR comparisons for each cohort as follows: a surgery vs. radiation for prostate cancer; b surgery vs. monitoring for prostate cancer; c surgery vs. monitoring for prostate cancer; d surgery vs. radiation for NSCLC. For (d), “Radiation better" is not displayed because the HR value is not shifted beyond 1.0, the direction of radiation better.