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. 2022 Feb 23;12:3055. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06971-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Optimal vaccine allocation under simultaneous targeting by multiple risk factors. Plots show the proportion of individuals in each (A) age-and-county group, (B) age-and-sex group, (C) age-and-race/ethnicity group, (D) age-and-comorbidity-status group, and (E) age-and-special population group vaccinated under optimal distribution of the first 5 million vaccinations in California. Lighter yellow colors show where higher proportions of individuals are vaccinated, darker blue colors where lower proportions of individuals are vaccinated. We assume all healthcare workers, skilled nursing facility residents and assisted living facility residents are vaccinated first before essential workers and other groups as per the US CDC recommendation. Vaccinations are optimally allocated to avert DALYs across all risk factors (demographic, special population, and comorbidities). Comorbidity status is treated as binary (0 = no comorbidity, 1 = any comorbidity). The proportions of individuals vaccinated under optimal vaccine distribution for each of the individual risk factors are shown in Figure S5.