Table 2.
Study results.
| Study | Outcome measure | Baseline scores – population of interest (mean ±SD) | Comparisons | Additional noteworthy findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vasovagal syncope | ||||
| Baron-Esquivias et al. (25) | SF-36 *SD estimated from interquartile range; physical and mental component summary scores calculated based on domain scores |
Physical functioning: 80.5 ± 22 Role physical: 62.5 ± 75 Bodily pain: 66.6 ± 43 General health: 60.9 ± 24 Vitality: 59.8 ± 26 Social functioning: 77.6 ± 28 Role emotional: 62.6 ± 75 Mental health: 64.4 ± 26.8 Physical component summary: 47 ± 13 Mental component summary: 45 ± 16 |
All SF-36 domain scores except role physical and role emotional were lower in the VVS group compared to Spanish normative data (p-values not reported). Compared to reference data from patients with heart failure, VVS patients scored similarly in 5 SF-36 domains; patients with heart failure scored worse in general health, vitality and physical functioning domains (p ≤ 0.009). Within the VVS group, women scored lower in all SF-36 domains compared to men (p < 0.05). When comparisons to Spanish norms were stratified by sex, women with VVS scored lower in all SF-36 domains, while men with VVS scored lower in only 4 domains (not specified). | When SF-36 data were stratified by age group (18-24, 25-34, 34-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65-74, > 75 years; 26 patients < 18 years excluded), quality of life in all SF-36 domains was found to decrease with age (p < 0.05). These relationships were stronger in women and in women all SF-36 domains decreased with age (p < 0.05), while in men this relationship was significant in 6 of 8 domains (p < 0.05) (all except role physical and bodily pain). The number of lifetime syncope spells were weakly but significantly (p < 0.002) related to all SF-36 domain scores except physical functioning and role physical. Symptom duration was weakly but significantly related to bodily pain, general health and mental health scores. Syncope frequency (# events/symptom duration) and tilt table test result (positive or negative) were not related to quality of life scores. |
| Baron-Esquivias et al. (27) | SF-36 *mean and SD for role physical, general health, role emotional, and mental health domains, and both summary scores estimated from figures |
Physical functioning: 79.2 ± 6.1 Role physical: 50.5 ± 11.9 Bodily pain: 68.2 ± 8.4 General health: 61.1 ± 5.1 Vitality: 54.4 ± 6.7 Social functioning: 70.4 ± 7.4 Role emotional: 60.5 ± 11.2 Mental health: 65.6 ± 6.1 Physical component summary: 46.1 ± 2.5 Mental component summary: 42.2 ± 3.5 |
At baseline, the eight subdomain scores were lower in VVS patients compared to Spanish population norms, with greater differences in physical and emotional role limitations (statistics not reported, unsure if these differences were significant). | |
| Van Dijk et al. (28) | SF-36 *weighted means and SD calculated from male and female data |
Physical functioning: 67 ± 28 Role physical: 44 ± 44 Bodily pain: 64 ± 28 General health: 54 ± 24 Vitality: 49 ± 25 Social functioning: 68 ± 28 Role emotional: 61 ± 44 Mental Health: 66 ± 23 Physical component summary: 43 ± 10 Mental component summary: 43 ± 13 |
Patients scored significantly lower on all scales (domain and summary scores) of the SF-36 compared to Dutch normative data (p < 0.01). | In a univariate model, age, gender, number of episodes in the last year, number of presyncopal episodes and the level of comorbidity (Charlston comorbidity score) were associated with physical component summary scores. These factors were added to a multivariate model, which showed female gender, the presence of presyncopal episodes, and a higher comorbidity were associated with decreased physical component summary scores (p < 0.01). A shorter duration of symptoms and the presence of presyncopal episodes were associated with reduced mental component summary scores in both the univariate and multivariate (p < 0.03) models. |
| Giada et al. (29) | SF-36 *physical and mental component summary scores calculated based on domain scores |
Physical functioning: 80 ± 22 Role physical: 47 ± 40 Bodily pain: 62 ± 30 General health: 56 ± 23 Vitality: 50 ± 19 Social functioning: 62 ± 25 Role emotional: 51 ± 42 Mental Health: 61 ± 20 Physical component summary: 45 ± 10 Mental component summary: 41 ± 11 |
Compared to control group, all SF-36 domain scores were significantly reduced in VVS patients (p < 0.05). Physical and mental component summary scores were not evaluated. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders was higher in VVS patients than controls (DSM IV criteria−73% vs. 23%, p < 0.001) with a high prevalence of anxiety, mood and somatization disorders. Within the VVS group, SF-36 scale scores were lower in patients with psychiatric disorders than those without (p < 0.05). SF-36 domain scores did not differ between patients with and without syncope-related injury, or between those younger or older than 40 years old. | Syncopal recurrence during the follow-up period (mean duration: 15 ± 2 months) was more common in VVS patients with psychiatric disorders (58% vs. 17%; p < 0.05). The presence of psychiatric disorders was significantly predictive of syncopal recurrence in the follow-up period (hazard ratio 6.94, 95% CI: 1.7-27.6; p = 0.006). Number of syncopal episodes over the previous 6 months was correlated with physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain and general health domain scores. Lifetime syncopal episodes were correlated with physical functioning and role physical domain scores, and general health and physical function domain scores were significantly reduced in patients with ≥ 6 lifetime episodes. |
| Ng et al. (30) | SF-36 | Physical functioning: 78 ± 23 Role physical: 59 ± 40 Bodily pain: 67 ± 25 General health: 64 ± 22 Vitality: 50 ± 22 Social functioning: 71 ± 27 Role emotional: 72 ± 38 Mental health: 67 ± 20 Physical component summary: 46 ± 10 Mental component summary: 46 ± 11 |
Quality of life in all SF-36 domains except bodily pain improved in patients with VVS after enrolling in clinical trial, independent of randomization to drug or placebo and independent of syncope recurrence. | |
| Sheldon et al. (31) | SF-36 |
Physical component summary: 48 ± 10 Mental component summary: 45 ± 10 |
||
| EQ-5D-3L |
EQ-5D-3L index: 0.81 ± 0.22 EQ VAS: 74 ± 18 |
|||
| Rose et al. (32) | EQ-5D-3L *no SD provided for EQ VAS scores |
Prevalence (%) of patients reporting any limitations or problems Mobility: 25.9% Usual activities: 37.2% Self care: 9.0% Pain/discomfort: 49.2% Anxiety/depression: 43.4% |
The prevalence of limitations was greater in syncope patients compared to healthy controls in all five dimensions of the EQ-5D-3L. EQ VAS scores were not different between low and high syncope risk groups (p = 0.221). | There was a significant curvilinear relationship between EQ VAS scores and the log frequency of syncope spells (p < 0.01). When patients were stratified by syncope risk, there was a significant negative linear relationship between EQ VAS scores and the log frequency of syncope spells in the high-risk syncope group (≥6 spells; slope = −5.9; SE 1.1; p < 0.001). This was not observed in the low-risk group. The frequency of syncope was higher in patients with impairments in mobility and usual activity domains (p ≤ 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that in high-risk patients four of the EQ-5D-3L dimensions (mobility, usual activities, anxiety/depression and pain/discomfort) and log frequency of syncope spells were independent predictors of EQ VAS scores (p ≤ 0.045). |
|
EQ VAS: Low risk syncope group (<6 spells): 72.6 (n = 59) High risk syncope group (≥6 spells): 68.5 (n = 74) |
The total number of comorbidities also tended to be associated with decreased VAS scores in this group (p = 0.057). In the low-risk group, pain, impaired mobility and level of comorbidity were significant predictors of EQ VAS scores (p ≤ 0.036). There was no significant effect of age, gender or tilt test outcome in either regression model. | |||
| Rose et al. (33) | EQ-5D-3L | EQ VAS: 70.6 ± 10.9 | - | |
| Atici et al. (34) | EQ-5D-3L |
EQ-5D-3L index: 0.48 ± 0.22 EQ VAS: 73.6 ± 14.3 |
No differences in EQ-5D-3L index or EQ VAS scores were found between VVS VASIS subtypes. | The EQ-5D-3L index (r = −0.649, p < 0.001) and EQ VAS (r = −0.587, p < 0.001) were significantly and negatively correlated with total syncope episodes and were statistically important parameters related to total syncope episodes in a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis (p < 0.030). |
| Kovalchuk (35) | PedsQL 4.0 |
Self-report score; proxy-report score Total score: 67.92 ± 14.52; 65.13 ± 13.94 Physical health: 72.27 ± 15.44; 67.18 ± 16.58 Psychosocial health: 65.54 ± 15.52; 64.06 ± 15.47 Emotional functioning: 60.18 ± 19.42; 60.71 ± 18.13 Social functioning: 72.97 ± 19.86; 71.96 ± 19.74 School functioning: 63.61 ± 16.50; 60.46 ± 17.18 |
Child self-report and parent proxy-report total PedsQL scores and psychosocial health, emotional functioning and social functioning domain scores were reduced in the VVS cohort compared to healthy controls (p < 0.0472). Parent proxy report scores in the VVS sample were additionally reduced in the physical health domain compared to healthy controls (p = 0.0180) | |
| Anderson et al. (8) | PedsQL 4.0 |
Self-report score; proxy-report score Total score: 75.2 ± 13.9; 73.3 ± 16.7 Physical health: 78.8 ± 14.9; 77.6 ± 18.5 Psychosocial health: 73.9 ± 19.9; 73.1 ± 20.4 Emotional functioning: 68.9 ± 20.7; 67.7 ± 22.3 Social functioning: 86.2 ± 17.1; 80.7 ± 20.8 School functioning: 66.4 ± 22.1; 66.1 ± 24.1 |
Compared to data from healthy controls, patients with VVS scored significantly lower in physical, psychosocial, emotional and school domains (p < 0.001) of the PedsQL and had lower total scores (p < 0.0001). Social functioning domain scores were not different. Compared to patients with diabetes mellitus, VVS patients had lower total scores (p < 0.0001), and lower physical (p < 0.0001), psychosocial (p < 0.05) and school (p < 0.001) domain scores. Total PedsQL scores were similar to those with asthma, end-stage renal disease, obesity, and structural heart disease. Patients with VVS had better physical health compared to patients with end-stage renal disease (p < 0.05), better emotional functioning than patients with asthma or end-stage renal disease (p < 0.05), and better social functioning than patients with asthma, obesity, renal disease, or structural heart disease (p < 0.0001). School functioning was worse in VVS patients than in obese individuals (p < 0.0001). | Proxy-reported social functioning domain scores were reduced compared to child self-reports (p < 0.004); proxy- and self- reported scores were otherwise similar. No patient or clinical variables were associated with PedsQL scores. |
| Capitello et al. (36) | PedsQL 4.0 |
Self-report score; proxy-report score Total score: 74.71 ± 14.68; 75.89 ± 16.4 Physical health: 73.38 ± 18.29; 77.22 ± 18.33 Psychosocial health: 75.08 ± 15.76; 75.46 ± 17.99 |
Children and adolescents displayed significant agreement with parents in terms of how they perceive their overall QoL; levels of agreement increased with age for physical health, but decreased with age for psychosocial well-being. Parent scores were systematically higher than child self-reports, but were not significantly or meaningfully different. | There were no significant correlations between child or parent PedsQL scores and sex, age, recurrent syncope or psychological factors (Child Behavior Checklist: externalizing and internalizing problem scores). Child self-reported psychosocial and total quality of life scores were, however, significantly related to indices of parent stress (Parent Stress Index: parent-child dysfunctional interaction scale, difficult child scale, total parent stress scale). |
| Ng et al. (10) | RAND-36 | Physical functioning: 77 ± 24 Role physical: 33 ± 42 Bodily pain: 68 ± 25 General health: 60 ± 22 Emotional well-being: 69 ± 21 Energy/fatigue: 50 ± 22 Social functioning: 71 ± 24 Role emotional: 54 ± 45 Physical health composite: 53 ± 9 Mental health composite: 56 ± 11 |
RAND-36 domain and summary scores and global health VAS scores were all significantly lower in VVS patients compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001). More patients with VVS met criteria for “borderline” or “probable” anxiety (p < 0.001), “borderline” or “probable” depression (p = 0.013; hospital anxiety and depression scale – HADS), and clinically significant anxiety sensitivity (p < 0.001) compared to healthy controls. | In patients with VVS there were weak, but significant, negative correlations between anxiety and all RAND-36 dimensions except physical functioning and both summary scores (p ≤ 0.026). Depression (HADS) was negatively correlated with all RAND-36 dimensions and summary scores (p ≤ 0.002). Anxiety sensitivity (anxiety sensitivity index) was negatively correlated with all RAND-36 dimensions except pain and both summary scores (p ≤ 0.01). In healthy controls the only statistically significant relationships were between anxiety and pain, depression and role limitations due to emotional health, and anxiety sensitivity and emotional well-being (p ≤ 0.031). |
| Global health VAS: 71 ± 19 | ||||
| Santhouse et al. (37) | WHOQOL-BREF | Physical health: 62.7 ± 28.2 Environmental: 64.7 ± 19.1 Psychological: 60.7 ± 23.6 Social relationships: 70.7 ± 19.1 Overall quality of life: 4.0 ± 1.5 Quality of health: 4.3 ± 0.8 |
Overall quality of life (p = 0.0001), quality of health (p < 0.0001) and physical (p < 0.0001), environmental (p = 0.0002), and psychological (p = 0.002) domain scores were significantly reduced in VVS patients compared to healthy controls. There were no differences between patients with VVS and patients with epilepsy. | The number of syncopal episodes was not correlated with scores on any of the QoL scales. |
| St-Jean et al. (38) | QLSI | Global QoL: 6.35 ± 5.09 | Participants were clustered based on their scores on the Illness Representations survey. QLSI scores were increased in those with low perceived illness severity compared to those with intermediate or high perceived illness severity. QLSI scores were comparable between intermediate and high perceived illness severity groups. | There was no significant effect of sex on quality of life, but there was a significant interaction between sex and syncope type. Men with unexplained syncope had lower QLSI scores compared to men with VVS (p = 0.004), but not compared to women with unexplained syncope or VVS. Increasing age (p = 0.036), more lifetime syncope episodes (p = 0.005) and the presence of anxiety or depression disorders (p < 0.001) were associated with decreased quality of life. |
| Broadbent et al. (40) | PWI-A | General life satisfaction (GLS): 69.57 ± 22.65 Health satisfaction (Hsat): 60.64 ± 24.44 Non-health related subjective well-being (PWI-H): 73.62 ± 17.54 |
Hsat scores were significantly reduced in VVS (p = 0.01) and patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) (p = 0.004) compared to healthy controls, but were not different between VVS and CAD patients. GLS and PWI-H scores were similar between groups. | Quality of life variables (GLS, Hsat, PWI-H) were negatively correlated with measures of anxiety and depression in all three groups, but these relationships were stronger in the two patient groups than in controls. |
| Linzer et al. (7) | SIP |
SIP total score: 16.8 ± 14.2 SIP psychosocial score: 19.9 (SD not reported) SIP physical score: 11.1 (SD not reported) |
In syncope patients the SIP psychosocial scores were significantly higher than physical scores (p < 0.0001), reflecting greater psychosocial impairment. Total SIP scores in syncope patients were higher than in the general population and comparable to patients with severe rheumatoid arthritis and chronic low back pain (statistics not reported). | SIP physical dimension scores were moderately correlated with age (r = 0.25; p < 0.05) and number of co-morbid conditions (r = 0.43; p < 0.002). Symptom checklist 90 scores (SCL-90-R, a measure of current point-in-time psychological symptom status) were elevated in patients with VVS compared to reference control data. SIP psychosocial scores were correlated (r > 0.4; p < 0.001) with all 9 subscales (somatization, obsessive -compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, hostility, phobic anxiety, paranoia, and psychoticism) of the symptom checklist 90. |
| Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | ||||
| Bhatia et al. (41) | SF-36 *33 patients reported complete resolution of POTS symptoms. SF-36 scores do not include these patients (n = 139; 84% female) |
Physical component summary: 33 ± 15.2 Mental component summary: 49.4 ± 11.5 |
Physical component summary scores were significantly decreased compared to population normative data (p < 0.001). Mental component summary scores were in the normal range. | The following symptoms were each independently associated (p ≤ 0.004) with reductions in SF-36 age- and sex-adjusted physical component summary scores: fatigue, pain, nausea, sleep disturbance, brain fog, memory problems, exercise intolerance, purplish/bluish discoloration of hands and feet, shortness of breath, palpitations, vomiting, dizziness/light-headedness, syncope. |
| Benrud-Larson et al. (9) | SF-36 *means for SF-36 domains estimated from figures; SD was not shown or reported; physical and mental component summary scores calculated based on domain scores |
Physical functioning: 54.2 ± 27.4 [reported for this sample in (38)] Role physical: 33 Bodily pain: 60 General health: 48 Vitality: 36 Social functioning: 59 Role emotional: 81 Mental Health: 72 Physical component summary: 34 Mental component summary: 49 |
SF-36 scores in physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, and social functioning domains were all significantly reduced compared to reference data for healthy controls (p < 0.01), but were similar to reference data for patients with congestive heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Role emotional and mental health scores were similar between the 4 groups. (No comparisons reported for physical or mental component summary scores). A large proportion (24%) of patients reported their employment status as disabled (unable to work due to POTS symptoms); these patients reported decreased scores in physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain, general health, vitality, social functioning, and role emotional domains, and reduced physical component summary scores (p < 0.05). | Autonomic Symptom Profile (ASP) scales were more strongly correlated with SF-36 physical component summary (r = −0.49; p < 0.01) than mental component summary (r = −0.27; p < 0.05) scores. All autonomic symptom scales (upper gastrointestinal symptoms, secretomotor dysfunction, pupillomotor symptoms, vasomotor symptoms, constipation, bladder dysfunction, sleep dysfunction) except diarrhea were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with SF-36 physical component summary scores, but the orthostatic intolerance scale had the strongest correlation (r = −0.45; p < 0.01). Sleep dysfunction, upper gastrointestinal and pupillomotor symptoms were the only ASP scales significantly related to the mental component summary score (p < 0.05). Disability status and symptom severity were independently associated with physical component summary scores. |
| Benrud-Larson et al. (42) | SF-36 | Physical functioning domain: 54.2 ± 27.4 | SF-36 physical functioning domain scores were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with perceived disability (r = −0.78), orthostatic symptom severity (r = −0.46), catastrophizing (r = −0.33), depression symptoms (r = −0.26) and somatic vigilance (r = −0.23). | |
| Rodriguez et al. (43) | SF-36 |
Physical component summary: 43.41 ± 7.29 Mental component summary: 46.42 ± 10.58 |
The physical component summary score was significantly reduced relative to the control group (p = 0.003); the mental component summary score was not. | |
| Hutt et al. (44) | SF-36 |
Physical component summary: 30.5 ± 9 Mental component summary: 44.6 ± 10 |
A large proportion (44%) of POTS patients had abnormally low functional capacity for their age and sex; this was more common in younger patients (p = 0.0017). Low functional capacity in POTS patients was associated with reduced physical component summary scores on the SF-36 (p = 0.006). | |
| Moon et al. (45) | SF-36 |
Physical component summary: 43.4 ± 8.3 Mental component summary: 39.9 ± 11.4 |
Increased symptoms of orthostatic intolerance were significantly associated with lower physical (r = −0.534) and mental (r = −0.436) component summary scores (p < 0.01). All items of the orthostatic intolerance questionnaire (nausea, tremor in hands, dizziness, palpitation, headache, profuse perspiration, blurred vision, chest discomfort, lightheadedness, and concentration difficulties) were correlated with the physical component summary score except tremor in hands, and all were correlated with mental component summary scores except tremor in hands and profuse sweating. The magnitude of the orthostatic heart rate increase was not related to any of the orthostatic intolerance symptoms, or SF-36 physical or mental component summary scores. | |
| Anderson et al. (46) | SF-36 | Physical functioning: 70 Role physical: 46 Bodily pain: 62 General health: 30 Vitality: 36 Social functioning: 68 Role emotional: 49 Mental Health: 54 Physical component summary: 41 ± 7 Mental component summary: 39 ± 14 |
All eight SF-36 domain scores and both physical and mental component summary scores, were significantly reduced in POTS patients compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001). | |
| George et al. (47) | SF-36v2 | Physical functioning: 32 ± 9 Role physical: 27 ± 9 Bodily pain: 40 ± 11 General health: 31 ± 8 Vitality: 32 ± 9 Social functioning: 28 ± 11 Role emotional: 41 ± 13 Mental Health: 42 ± 12 Physical component summary: 30 ± 9 Mental component summary: 40 ± 12 |
||
| Gibbons et al. (48) | EQ-5D-3L | EQ VAS: 62 ± 13 | ||
| Bagai et al. (49) | EQ-5D-3L |
Prevalence (%) of patients reporting some or extreme problems:
Mobility: 60 Usual activities: 95 Self care: 35 Pain/discomfort: 81 Anxiety/depression: 56 EQ VAS: 53 ± 17 |
More participants with POTS reported some or extreme problems in each of the five dimensions (p < 0.0001) of the EQ-5D-3L compared to healthy controls. The EQ VAS scores were significantly lower in POTS patients compared to healthy controls (p < 0.0001). | |
| RAND-36 | Physical functioning: 53 ± 17 Role physical: 26 ± 2 Bodily pain: 39 ± 9 General health: 30 ± 9 Emotional well-being: 47 ± 10 Energy/fatigue: 30 ± 7 Social functioning: 29 ± 11 Role emotional: 41 ± 13 Physical health composite: 26 ± 9 Mental health composite: 43 ± 11 |
All RAND-36 dimensions and both summary scores were significantly reduced in patients with POTS compared to healthy controls (p ≤ 0.009). Quality of life deficits were greater in physical health domains compared to mental health domains. RAND-36 scores were comparable to reference data from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and end-stage renal disease (significance testing not performed). | Physical (R = −0.70; R2 = 0.53; p < 0.0001) and mental R = 0.58; R2 = 0.26; p < 0.0001) composite scores were correlated with sleep problems (Medical Outcomes Study Sleep Problems index). | |
| Fisher et al. (50) | PROMIS-10 |
PROMIS-10 mental health T-score: 37.9 ± 7.0 PROMIS-10 physical health T-score: 34.3 ± 6.2 |
PROMIS-10 physical (r = −0.60; 95% CI:−0.76,−0.38) and mental (r = −0.45; 95%CI:−0.64,−0.15) health T-scores were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated (spearman) with autonomic symptoms (from COMPASS-31). There were no significant relationships between time since diagnosis, time since symptoms onset and PROMIS-10 scores. | |
| Pederson et al. (51) | CDC HRQOL-14 (One additional item added assessing number of days with brain fog.) | Days of poor physical health: 19.59 ± 8.81 Days of poor mental health: 13.86 ± 10.14 Days with activity limitations: 17.48 ± 10.06 Days with pain: 15.52 ± 10.95 Days of sadness: 12.17 ± 10.04 Days of worrying: 15.69 ± 11.19 Days without enough sleep or rest: 22.37 ± 9.29 Days with good energy: 2.26 ± 4.07 |
POTS patients had fewer days with good energy and more days of poor physical and mental health, activity limitations, pain, sadness, worrying, brain fog and without enough sleep or rest compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001). More POTS patients rated their health as poor and reported activity limitations and needing help with routine needs and personal care compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001). | |
| Days with brain fog: 19.34 ± 9.97 (added item) 35.4% rated their health as poor 97.1% reported their activities were limited by illness 76.1% reported needing help with routine needs (e.g., shopping, chores, or conducting business) 30.1% reported needing help with personal care (e.g., eating, bathing, dressing, or getting around the house) |
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| Pederson et al. (52) | WHOQOL-BREF (Environmental domain excluded to reduce survey length and quality of health question not reported.) | Physical health: 36.0 ± 16.5 Psychological: 41.2 ± 17.4 Social relationships: 46.1 ± 22.0 Overall quality of life: 4.9 ± 1.6 |
A large proportion of participants reported poor (score < 60) physical health (89.2%), psychological health (82.2%) and social relationships (75.0%). | |
| Vasovagal syncope and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome | ||||
| Hall et al. (53) | RAND-36 *VVS group: n = 71 for emotional well-being, mental health composite scores *POTS group: n = 176 for physical functioning, emotional well-being, role emotional; n = 175 for mental health composite; n = 174 for general health composite |
VVS scores; POTS scores Physical functioning: 76.5 ± 24.6; 42.5 ± 22.6 Role physical: 33.0 ± 42.4; 11.4 ± 25.3 Bodily pain: 67.7 ± 24.6; 48.8 ± 25.3 General health: 60.5 ± 22.1; 31.2 ± 20.0 Emotional well-being: 68.9 ± 20.4; 67.4 ± 17.3 Energy/fatigue: 50.7 ± 22.1; 27.2 ± 17.3 Social functioning: 71.2 ± 24.6; 45.2 ± 23.9 Role emotional: 55.6 ± 44.1; 65.7 ± 42.6 |
RAND-36 scores were reduced in POTS patients compared to VVS in physical functioning, role physical, energy and fatigue, social functioning, pain and general health domains (p < 0.001); emotional well-being (p = 0.271) and role emotional (p = 0.052) domains were not significantly different. The physical health and general health composite scores were lower in POTS compared to VVS (p ≤ 0.030), but the mental health composite score was lower in VVS patients than in POTS patients (p = 0.005). | When RAND-36 data were stratified by sex (36M; 249F) rather than diagnosis, females reported significantly lower scores in all domains except emotional well-being and role emotional. Physical health composite scores were lower in females, while there was no effect of sex on mental and general health composite scores. Within the VVS group (24M; 48F), male patients reported higher RAND-36 scores in physical functioning (p = 0.014), role physical (p = 0.005), social functioning (p = 0.002) and pain (p = 0.040) domains and on physical (p = 0.005), mental (p = 0.027) and general health composite scores (p = 0.015). Within POTS (12M; 177F) patients, males scored lower than females in the energy/fatigue domain and on mental (p = 0.038) and general health composite scores (p = 0.036). |
|
Physical health composite: 53.1 ± 9.3; 38.1 ± 20.0 Mental health composite: 56.1 ± 11.0; 62.4 ± 20.0 General health composite: 61.5 ± 11.0; 57.5 ± 18.6 |
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| Orthostatic hypotension | ||||
| Kim et al. (54) | EQ-5D-3L | Prevalence (%) of patients reporting some or extreme problems: Mobility: 53.8 Usual activities: 28.2 Self care: 16.2 Pain/discomfort: 67.5 Anxiety/depression: 45.3 EQ-5D-3L index: 0.56 ± 0.29 EQ VAS: 65.79 ± 20.54 |
More participants in the OH group reported some or extreme problems in each of the five dimensions (p ≤ 0.022) of the EQ-5D-3L compared to participants without OH. The EQ-5D-3L index (p < 0.001) and EQ VAS (p = 0.006) scores were significantly lower in those with OH compared to those without. | |
| Francois et al. (55) | SF-8 | Physical functioning: 34.3 ± 8.4 Role physical: 33.9 ± 8.6 Bodily pain: 44.0 ± 9.8 General health: 37.9 ± 6.7 Vitality: 39.3 ± 7.4 Social functioning: 39.1 ± 9.0 Role emotional: 41.1 ± 9.2 Mental Health: 43.6 ± 9.6 Physical component summary: 33.7 ± 8.5 Mental component summary: 43.1 ± 10.2 |
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To avoid redundancy in our reporting, data from three longitudinal studies (26, 28, 39) have been omitted from this table; their results can be found in Table 3. We note that these three studies report follow-up data from three prior studies that are described in this table (21, 38, 56). Abbreviations: head-upright tilt test (HUT).