Table 2.
Study characteristics and findings
| First author, year | Sample size | Racial/ethnic groups included in addition to Black | Discrimination measured | Health categories associated with racism in older Black adults | Validated discrimination measure | Study design | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 100 | 100–1000 | 1000–5000 | 5000 + | White | Hispanic/ Latinx | None | Perceived interpersonal | Perceived institutional | Institutional indicator | Structural indicators | Cardiovascular | Mental health | Cognitive | General health/other | Physical function | Telomere length | None | Yes* | No | Cross-sectional | Longitudinal | |
| Aiken-Morgan 2015 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Assari 2016 | X** | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||
| Ayalon 2011 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||
| Barnes 2012 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Beatty Moody 2019 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Bor 2018 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Chae 2012 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||
| Clay 2015 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Cobb 2020 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||
| Cole 2017 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Coley 2017 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Greer 2014 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Han 2020 | X | X | X | X < | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Kim 2017 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Kovalchik 2015 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||
| Krieger 2014 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Krieger 2017 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Lamar 2020 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||
| Lee 2017 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Linnenbringer 2020 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Liu 2015 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Liu 2017 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||
| Lu 2019 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||
| Marshall-Fabien 2016 ! | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Marshall 2012 ! | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| McClendon 2019 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||
| Mezuk 2011 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||
| Mouzon 2017 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Nadimpalli 2015 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Nguyen 2018 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Nguyen 2019 | X | X | X | X | X/and X < | X ~ | X | |||||||||||||||
| Nkimbeng 2020 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Pantesco 2018 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||
| Pugh 2021 | X | X | X | X < | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Taylor 2018 | X! | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||
| Vásquez 2019 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||
| Walker 2016 | X! | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||
| Watkins 2011 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Wheaton 2018 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||
| White 2011 | X | X | X | X < | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| White 2020 | X | X | X | X | X | X | ||||||||||||||||
| Yoon 2019 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||
| Zahodne 2019 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X | |||||||||||||||
| Number of studies (of 43) | 2 | 22 | 14 | 5 | 18 | 7 | 26 | 27 | 16 | 8 | 3 | 5 | 14 | 7 | 5 | 2 | 3 | 10 | 37 | 7 | 37 | 6 |
*Validity/reliability information provided in the manuscript, a citation for a validity/reliability study of the measurement is provided, or a simple data source (e.g., state of birth) is used
!Same study samples
< Racism associated with positive health outcome (opposite direction from hypothesis)
~ Study used a modified version of a validated tool and did not provide validity/reliability statistics for a modified version
**Sample size for study; strata size unspecified for older Black adults