Table 1.
Evidences for or against H. pylori associated with autoimmune diseases.
| Evidences for or against H. pylori associated with autoimmune diseases | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Disease | Ref. | Study Sample | Conclusion |
| IBD | Wang WL et al. 2019 (37) | 2055 CD patients and 3442 controls for meta-analysis were included. | H. pylori infection was negatively associated with the incidence of CD |
| IBD | Yufen et al. 2021 (39) | 59 studies on IBD prevalence, 127 studies on H. pylori prevalence, and 23 studies for meta-analysis were included. | IBD, UC and CD were negatively correlated to H. pylori prevalence (all P<0.001). H. pylori had a protective effect against IBD. Furthermore, eradication of H. pylori can lead to recurrence of IBD. |
| IBD | ZhaoHui et al. 2021 (34) | 213 CD patients and 47 UC patients, and 520 controls | H. pylori infection was negatively correlated with IBD, especially CD. |
| IBD | Rokkas et al. 2015 (35) | 4763 controls and 4400 IBD patients | 26.5% of IBD patients were positive for H. pylori infection, compared with 44.7% of the control group. |
| IBD | Piovani et al. 2019 (38) | 183 estimates in 53 meta-analyses of 71 environmental factors related to hygiene and lifestyles, surgeries, diet, microorganisms,etc. | H. pylori reduced the risk of IBD, Non-helicobacter pylori-like enterohepatic Helicobacter species increase the risk. |
| IBD | Zhao M et al. 2021 (43) | 255 clinical studies for meta-analysis | H. pylori infection can reduce the risk of IBD in different geographical populations |
| IBD | Amnon et al. 2020 (44) | 302,061 patients, of whom 13,943 harbored IBD | Reduced gastric acid barrier function may have a protective effect on the development of IBD. |
| IBD | Wang WL et al. 2019 (37) | 2055 cases of CD patients and 3442 cases of controls | H. pylori infection was negatively associated with the incidence of CD |
| IBD | Rosa et al. 2018 (41) | 127 IBD patients (CDN=90; UCN=37) and 254 controls | H. pylori eradication therapy was not associated with the onset of IBD. |
| IBD | Tepler A et al. 2019 (47) | 960 IBD patients(CDN=688,UCN=272)and 788 controls | CagA seropositivity was associated with a lower risk of IBD |
| AITD | Bertalot G, et al2004 (50) | 10 patients with H. pylori infected [all females, mean age 46 years (SD 19 years)] | the thyroid gland is a target of a cross-reaction in the human immune response to H. pylori infection. |
| HT | Francesco F, et al2004 (58) | 16 patients (two men and 14 women, mean age 43.6 ± 11 years) with HT and H. pylori infected 20 blood donors (two men and 18 women, mean age 44.2 ± 12 years) without HT was also evaluated. | an association between H. pylori infection and HT is unlikely. |
| AITD | Choi YM, et al2017 (53) | 5502 subjects aged 30 to 70 years who had visited a health promotion center | prevalence of TPO-Ab positivity is more frequent in subjects with H. pylori infection. |
| AITD | Hou Y, et al2017 (54) | 3046 patients diagnosed with HT or GD | H. pylori infection correlated with GD and HT, and the eradication of H. pylori infection could reduce thyroid autoantibodies. |
| HT | Shmuely H, et al2016 (57) | 101 females with HT and 111 non-HT control women without a history of autoimmune disease. | H pylori seropositivity was not associated with HT. |
| AITD | Soveid M, et al2012 (55) | 88 patients with ATD and compared with results of 112 healthy individuals. | in a population with high rate and early age of onset of HP infection, only infection with Cag A positive strains is associated with ATD, and this may be due to immune cross-reactivity. |
| HT&GD | Bassi V, et al. 2012 (56) | 112 consecutive Caucasian patients (48 females and 4 males with Graves' disease and 54 females and 6 males with Hashimoto's thyroiditis HT) | the marked correlation between H. pylori and Cag-A, found in ATDs, could be dependent on the different expression of adhesion molecules in the gastric mucosa. |
| HT | Aghili R, et al. 2013 (51) | 43 patients affected by Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and 40 healthy individuals without history of autoimmune disease as the control group. | there is an association between HP and Hashimoto's thyroiditis. |
| T1DM | Zekry et al. 2013 (62) | 60 children and adolescents with T1DM and 60 controls | T1DM can be associated with an increased prevalence of Hp infection. |
| T1DM | Bazmamoun et al. 2016 (63) | 80 children with T1DM and 80 controls | There was a meaningful correlation between the frequency of H. pylori and the longer the duration of diabetes (P<0.001). |
| T1DM | Chen et al. 2019 (66) | 35 studies with 4,401 participants with diabetes | Glycated hemoglobin A levels were elevated in patients with H. pylori infection. |
| T1DM | Esmaeili et al. 2020 (67) | 63 children with T1DM and 105 control children | T1DM and its glycemic control levels did not appear to be associated with H. pylori infection. |
| T1DM | Li et al. 2017 (69) | 57,397 individuals with H. pylori infection in DM individuals and non-DM individuals (individuals without DM, impaired glucose tolerance, or impaired fasting glucose) | The incidence of H. pylori infection was significantly higher in diabetic patients, however that was associated with T2DM but not with T1DM. |
| T1DM&T2DM | Dai YN et al. 2015 (68) | 513 patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) and 325 T2DM participants | H. pylori infection was positively correlated with HbA1c levels in T1DM children and adolescents |
| LC | Pogorzelska et al. 2017 (83) | 147 patients with liver cirrhosis: 42with HCV, 31 with HBV, 56 ALC, and 18 PBC | H. pylori infection is more frequent among patients with HBV and HCV. |
| LC | Feng et al. 2014 (84) | 6135 patients divided into cirrhosis group and the control group | There are significant difference in H. pylori infection between patients with cirrhosis and controls. |
| AILD | Nilsson et al. 2003 (85) | 36 PSC,21 PBC,19 AIH and 80 controls | The prevalence of non-gastric Helicobacter species antibodies in serum of patients with autoimmune chronic liver disease was significantly higher than that in controls(P<0.001). |
| PBC | Goo et al. 2008 (88) | a 24-month-old male mouse | The increase in vacuolar toxin caused by H. pylori infection may be related to the occurrence of PBC. |
| PBC | Abenavoli et al. 2010 (89) | a 36-year-old woman | The pathogenic role of increased intestinal permeability in inducing PBC in celiac disease and H. pylori infection. |
| PBC and PSC | Nilsson et al. 2000 (90) | 24 patients and 23 controls. | Helicobacter positivity was significantly more common in patients with PBC and PSC. |
| PSC | Krasinskas et al. 2007 (96) | 25 patients with end-stage PSC and 31 controls | 7 of 25 PSC patients (28%) and 3 of 31 controls (9.7%) were H. pylori positive. |
| AIH | Durazzo et al. 2002 (106) | 31 patients and 62 controls. | Patients and controls had similar rates of H. pylori infection. |
| RA | Ebrahimi et al. 2019 (110) | 100 patients with RA | The RA laboratory index activity of H. pylori positive patients was higher than that of H. pylori negative patients. |
| RA | Zentilin,P., et al. 2002 (111) | 58 adult patients with established rheumatoid arthritis and dyspeptic symptoms | H. pylori infection is implicated in the pathogenesis of RA. |
| RA | Guimei L et al. 2015 (113) | 140 patients with active RA | Eradication of H. pylori can improve the clinical efficacy of rheumatoid arthritis to a certain extent. |
| RA | Bartels et al. 2019 (114) | 56000 people diagnosed as H. pylori positive or negative. | They had similar rates of comorbidity. No link was found between H. pylori and RA. |
| RA | Cross M ,et al. 2010 (107) | 187 samples from RA patients | There was no significant difference in the positive rate of H. pylori between the control group and the experimental group. |
| RA | Tanaka E,et al. 2005 (116) | 1815 patients with RA | The prevalence of H. pylori antibody was low in patients with RA compared with that in healthy Japanese individuals. |
| ITP | Hwang,et al. 2016 (119) | 102 patients with chronic ITP | H. pylori eradication therapy was related to increased platelet count. |
| ITP | Brito,et al.,2015 (121) | 85 children with cITP | the PLT count was significantly higher in patients with H. pylori eradication. |
| ITP | Ikuse, et al. 2020 (122) | 706 pediatric patients with cITP persistent thrombocytopenia (platelet count <150,000/μL) for longer than 6 months | The effect of H. pylori eradication in pediatric cITP patients is the same as that in adults. |
| ITP | Ono, Y., et al. 2017 (123) | 4 pregnant women | In pregnant women with HP-associated ITP, eradication of Hp may be worthwhile before steroid use is considered. |
| ITP | Sheema, et al. 2017 (124) | 85 patients diagnosed with chronic ITP | Anti-H. pylori eradication therapy improves blood platelet counts in chronic immune thrombocytopenia. |
| ITP | Aljarad,et al. 2018 (125) | 50 patients with chronic ITP | H. pylori eradication significantly increases platelet counts in adult ITP patients. |
| SLE | Wu, M.C., et al. 2020 (131) | 41,651 patients with HP infection and 83,302 matched controls | HP infection was associated with a 1.63-fold increased risk of SLE. |
| SLE | Mendoza-Pinto,C.,et al. 2020 (132) | 118 patients with SLE | The frequency of HP infection was up to 39% in patients, but the severity of SLE did not appear to be associated with HP infection. |
| SLE | Saowapha et al. 2018 (133) | FcγRIIb-deficient lupus mice | HP infection increased anti-dsDNA and enhanced lupus severity. |
| SLE | Sawalha, et al. 2004 (137) | 466 patients with SLE and 466 controls | HP infections may play protective roles in. |
| SS | Qianqian, et al.2018 (143) | 1958 participants, including 619 patients with SS | The patients with SS had a significantly higher H. pylori infection rate than controls. |
| SS | P A , et al.1999 (146) | 118 persons | An increase in the prevalence of serum antibodies against H. pylori and HSP60 was in primary SS patients compared with the rest of the groups. |
| SS | Shigenori, N, et al. 2007 (17) | 164 patients with primary SS | There is not a higher sero-positive rate of H. pylori in patients compared with controls. |
| CU | Dennis, et al. 2020 (150) | 55 CU cases and 55 controls | There was a strong and significant association between CU and H. pylori infection. |
| CU | Gu, H., et al. 2015 (151) | 965 CU cases and 1235 controls | H. pylori infection is significantly, though weakly, associated with an increased risk of chronic urticaria. |
| CU | Rasooly, et al. 2015 (153) | 204 patients with CU | Eradication of infection can be followed by remission of urticaria, reduced morbidity from gastric ulcers, and cancer. |
| CU | Magen, et al. 2007 (154) | 78 patients with CU | Eradication of H. pylori infection by triple therapy significantly and equally reduces UAS in CU patients with positive and negative ASST. |
| CU | Hellmig, et al. 2008 (156) | 74 CU patients with positive H. pylori breath test and 74 H. pylori-negative controls. | There is no evidence that eradication of H. pylori improves the outcome in patients with chronic urticaria. |
| CU | Cui YL et al. 2021 (152) | 1,320 patients with CU | H. pylori infection was associated with the development of chronic urticaria (151) |
| Psoriasis | Wu, et al2020 (158). | 41,539 patients with HP infection and 83,078 matched controls | There is no association between HP infection and risk of psoriasis. |
| Psoriasis | Azizzadeh, et al. 2014 (159) | 61 patients with psoriasis vulgaris and 61 healthy individuals | There was neither a significant relationship between psoriasis and the serum level of IgG anti-H pylori, nor a significant relationship between psoriasis severity and the serum level of IgG anti-H pylori. |
| Psoriasis | Yu, et al. 2019 (160) | 11 studies involving a total of 1741 participants | H. pylori infection is associated with psoriasis, and psoriasis patients with H. pylori infection have higher Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) scores. |
| Psoriasis | Campanati, et al. 2015 (161) | 210 patients with psoriasis and 150 healthy controls | Patients with mild to severe psoriasis do not show a greater prevalence of H. pylori infection; however, H. pylori seems able to affect the clinical severity of psoriasis. |
| Psoriasis | Onsun, et al. 2012 (162) | 300 patients with psoriasis and 150 non-psoriatic healthy controls | H. pylori infection plays a role in the severity of psoriasis, and that eradicating such infections enhances the effectiveness of psoriasis treatment. |