Table 3.
The Association of Changes in Lifestyles and Mental Health with the Changes in HbA1c (n=340).
| Univariate | Regression coefficient in ordinal variables | Multivariate | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| r | p | β | p | β | p | |||
| Age (years) | 0.016 | 0.774 | -0.039 | 0.714 | ||||
| Sex (0=Female, 1=Male) | -0.067 | 0.224 | -0.144 | 0.109 | ||||
| Duration of diabetes (years) | -0.079 | 0.149 | 0.091 | 0.350 | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 0.085 | 0.122 | -0.035 | 0.748 | ||||
| Employment (0=No, 1=Yes) | -0.067 | 0.223 | ||||||
| Change in hypoglycemic agents | ||||||||
| Unchanged/modified vs. strengthened | 0.014 | 0.801 | 0.019 | 0.842 | ||||
| Attenuated vs. unchanged/modified | -0.034 | 0.543 | 0.182 | 0.068 | ||||
| Changes in dietary habits | ||||||||
| Regularity of meal timing | ||||||||
| Unchanged vs. became regular | -0.035 | 0.52 | 0.054 | 0.602 | ||||
| Became irregular vs. unchanged | 0.202 | <0.001 | 0.328 | 0.001 | ||||
| Amount of total diet | ||||||||
| Unchanged vs. decreased | 0.052 | 0.349 | -0.104 | 0.323 | ||||
| Increased vs. unchanged | 0.107 | 0.056 | 0.053 | 0.656 | ||||
| Consumption of carbohydrates | ||||||||
| Unchanged vs. decreased | -0.049 | 0.383 | 0.074 | 0.495 | ||||
| Increased vs. unchanged | 0.039 | 0.486 | -0.151 | 0.156 | ||||
| Consumption of snacks | ||||||||
| Unchanged vs. decreased | -0.076 | 0.182 | 0.165 | 0.111 | ||||
| Increased vs. unchanged | -0.021 | 0.713 | -0.063 | 0.506 | ||||
| Consumption of fruits | ||||||||
| Unchanged vs. decreased | -0.103 | 0.067 | -0.155 | 0.122 | ||||
| Increased vs. unchanged | 0.023 | 0.685 | -0.101 | 0.294 | ||||
| Consumption of alcohol | ||||||||
| Unchanged vs. decreased | -0.041 | 0.611 | -0.052 | 0.614 | ||||
| Increased vs. unchanged | 0.058 | 0.469 | -0.020 | 0.836 | ||||
| Changes in activities of daily living | ||||||||
| Vigorous intensive activity | -0.009 | 0.869 | -0.029 | 0.825 | ||||
| Moderate intensive activity | 0.011 | 0.854 | 0.143 | 0.267 | ||||
| Walking | -0.116 | 0.048 | -0.146 | 0.166 | ||||
| Total activity | -0.028 | 0.644 | ||||||
| Sedentary time | 0.077 | 0.173 | -0.015 | 0.885 | ||||
| Changes in mental health | ||||||||
| Fear and anxiety | ||||||||
| Unchanged vs. decreased | 0.038 | 0.498 | -0.114 | 0.307 | ||||
| Increased vs. unchanged | 0.033 | 0.552 | 0.064 | 0.563 | ||||
| Depressive mood | ||||||||
| Unchanged vs. decreased | 0.106 | 0.054 | 0.228 | 0.207 | ||||
| Increased vs. unchanged | 0.053 | 0.339 | 0.056 | 0.661 | ||||
| Psychological stress | ||||||||
| Unchanged vs. decreased | 0.064 | 0.248 | -0.117 | 0.489 | ||||
| Increased vs. unchanged | 0.053 | 0.338 | 0.032 | 0.799 | ||||
HbA1c: glycated hemoglobin A1c, BMI: body mass index
Change in hypoglycemic agents was coded as “strengthened” (-1 point), “unchanged/modified” (0 point), and “attenuated”(1 point).
Each lifestyle change was coded as “decreased/became regular” (-1 point), “unchanged” (0 point), and “increased/became irregular” (1 point).