Table 1.
Description of the outcomes and tasks included in the UR for each cognitive domain
| Cognitive domain | Outcomes and respective tasks | Meta-analysis investigating each outcome |
|---|---|---|
| Working memory | Accuracy, reaction time, dș values and working memory index in a multitude of working memory tasks such as 0-back, 1-back, 2-back, 3-back, n-back, Sternberg, Stroop, digit-span task, block-tapping task, paced auditory serial addition test, operation word span, working memory scale, Tower of London | Horvath et al., 2015, Dedoncker et al., 2016a, b, Hill et al., 2016, Mancuso et al., 2016, Nilsson et al., 2017, Imburgio and Orr, 2018, Salenijehad et al. 2019 |
| [Long-term] memory | Accuracy in the recognition memory task and the long-term verbal memory task | Horvath et al., 2015, Dedoncker et al., 2016a, b |
| Set shifting | Switch cost, resumption lag and errors in the task sequence learning, affective financial management, cognitive and motor set shifting task and the paced auditory serial addition test | Horvath et al., 2015, Dedoncker et al., 2016a, b, Imburgio and Orr, 2018, Salehinejad et al., 2019 |
| Response inhibition | Incongruent reaction time, flanker effect, accuracy and stop signal reaction time in the stroop, flanker, stop signal task, go/no-go task, simon | Horvath et al., 2015, Dedoncker et al., 2016a, b, Imburgio and Orr, 2018, Salehinejad et al., 2019 |
| Language | Accuracy and number of words in verbal fluency tasks | Horvath et al., 2015, Price et al., 2015 |
| Aggression | Aggression score in the Taylor aggression paradigm and negative affect state after a frustrating task | Bell and DeWall, 2018 |
| Overeating/food cravings | Subjective report of food and sweet cravings, visual analog scale scores, food craving questionnaire scores | Bell and DeWall, 2018/Mancuso et al., 2016, Lowe et al., 2017 |
| Emotional and implicit bias | Negativity rating after viewing both neutral and negative valence pictures, judgment score of a moral dilemma | Horvath et al., 2015, Bell and DeWall, 2018 |
| Honesty | Lying or reaction time in trust/truth games | Bell and DeWall, 2018 |
| Rumination | Rumination scores on the rumination response scale | Horvath et al., 2015 |
| Impulsivity | Error rate, errors in easy condition and errors on incorrect trials in the stroop, sentence completion task, cognitive reflection test | Bell and DeWall, 2018 |
| Risk taking | Number of pumps, high-risk choices, riskiness in gains, number of low-probability/high-reward choices in the balloon analog risk task, Columbia Card Task and gambling tasks (e.g. Iowa Gambling Task) | Horvath et al., 2015, Bell and DeWall, 2018 |