Table 4.
Description of the main findings in the UR for each cognitive domain
| Cognitive domain | Findings from the umbrella review |
|---|---|
| Working memory | 5 comparisons among healthy individuals indicated significant benefit of a-tDCS for working memory, but there was at best moderate certainty that the true effect is close to the estimates from the meta-analyses |
| 5 comparisons among healthy individuals indicated no benefit of a-tDCS for working memory | |
| 3 comparisons among neuropsychiatric individuals indicated no benefit of a-tDCS for working memory | |
| [Long-term] memory | 2 comparisons among healthy individuals indicated no benefit of either a-tDCS or c-tDCS for [long-term] memory improvement |
| Set shifting | 2 comparisons among healthy individuals indicated no benefit of a-tDCS for set shifting |
| Response inhibition | 5 comparisons among healthy individuals indicated no benefit of a-tDCS for response inhibition |
| 1 comparison among neuropsychiatric individuals indicated a significant benefit of a-tDCS for response inhibition. But there was very low certainty that the true effect is close to the estimate from the meta-analysis | |
| 1 comparison among neuropsychiatric individuals indicated no benefit of c-tDCS for response inhibition | |
| Language | 1 comparison among healthy individuals indicated a significant benefit of a-tDCS for language performance, but there was very low certainty that the true effect is close to the estimate from the meta-analysis |
| 4 comparisons among healthy individuals indicated no benefit of a-tDCS for language performance | |
| Aggression | 1 comparison among healthy individuals indicated no benefit of a-tDCS for aggression |
| Overeating/food cravings | 1 comparison among healthy individuals indicated significant benefit of a-tDCS for overeating, but there was very low certainty that the true effect is close to the estimate from the meta-analysis |
| 2 comparisons among mixed samples of healthy and neuropsychiatric individuals indicated a significant benefit of tDCS for food cravings, but there was very low certainty that the true effect is close to the estimates from meta-analyses | |
| 1 comparison among mixed samples of healthy and neuropsychiatric individuals indicated no benefit of tDCS for food cravings | |
| Emotional and implicit bias | 1 comparison among healthy individuals indicated a significant benefit of a-tDCS for emotional bias and implicit bias, but there was low certainty that the true effect is close to the estimate from the meta-analysis |
| 6 comparisons among healthy individuals indicated no benefit of a-tDCS or c-tDCS for emotional bias | |
| Honesty | 1 comparison among healthy individuals indicated no benefit of a-tDCS for honesty |
| Rumination | 1 comparison among healthy individuals indicated no benefit of a-tDCS for rumination |
| Impulsivity | 1 comparison among healthy individuals indicated no benefit of a-tDCS for impulsivity |
| Risk taking | 1 comparison among healthy individuals indicated significant benefit of a-tDCS for risk taking, but there was very low certainty that the true effect is close to the estimate from the meta-analysis |
| 2 comparisons among healthy individuals indicated no benefit of either a-tDCS or c-tDCS for risk taking |