TABLE 1.
The basic characteristic of the study population in the cross-sectional study.
| Characteristics | Total | Frailty index |
P-value | Total | Phenotypic frailty |
P-value | ||
| Robust | Pre-frailty/frailty | Robust | Pre-frailty/frailty | |||||
| N (%) | 5,303 | 2,448 (46.16) | 2,855 (53.84) | 5,117 | 1,746 (34.12) | 3,371 (65.88) | ||
| Males (N, %) | 2,717 (51.24) | 1,343 (54.86) | 1,374 (48.13) | <0.001 | 2,639 (51.57) | 983 (56.30) | 1,656 (49.12) | <0.001 |
| Age (Mean ± SD, years) | 67.70 ± 6.40 | 67.57 ± 0.13 | 67.81 ± 0.12 | 0.18 | 67.62 ± 6.36 | 66.26 ± 0.15 | 68.33 ± 0.11 | <0.001 |
| BMI (Mean ± SD, years) | 22.93 ± 3.99 | 22.43 ± 0.08 | 23.37 ± 0.07 | <0.001 | 22.92 ± 3.92 | 23.71 ± 0.09 | 22.51 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
| Marital status (Married, N, %) | 4,192 (79.05) | 1,959 (80.02) | 2,233 (78.21) | 0.11 | 4,051 (79.17) | 1,464 (83.85) | 2,587 (76.74) | <0.001 |
| Residence (Rural, N, %) | 3,337 (62.93) | 1,566 (63.97) | 1,771 (62.03) | 0.15 | 3,255 (63.61) | 988 (56.59) | 2,267 (67.25) | <0.001 |
| Educational level (Illiterate, N, %) | 1,887 (35.58) | 865 (35.33) | 1,022 (35.80) | <0.001 | 1,811 (35.39) | 470 (26.92) | 1,341 (39.78) | <0.001 |
| Income (≥mean value, N, %) | 415 (7.83) | 233 (9.52) | 182 (6.37) | <0.001 | 406 (7.93) | 211 (12.08) | 195 (5.78) | <0.001 |
| Participation in social activities (Yes, N, %) | 2,426 (45.75) | 1,135 (46.36) | 1,291 (45.22) | 0.40 | 2,357 (46.06) | 913 (52.29) | 1,444 (42.84) | <0.001 |
| Retired (Yes, N, %) | 2,219 (41.84) | 943 (38.52) | 1,276 (44.69) | <0.001 | 2,091 (40.86) | 669 (38.32) | 1,422 (42.18) | 0.01 |
| Smoking status (N, %) | <0.001 | 0.09 | ||||||
| Non-smoker | 3,001 (56.59) | 1,382 (56.45) | 1,619 (56.71) | 2,884 (56.36) | 948 (54.30) | 1,936 (57.43) | ||
| Ex-smoker | 650 (12.26) | 242 (9.89) | 408 (14.29) | 626 (12.23) | 220 (12.60) | 406 (12.04) | ||
| Current smoker | 1,652 (31.15) | 824 (33.66) | 828 (29.00) | 1,607 (31.41) | 578 (33.10) | 1,029 (30.53) | ||
| Drinking status (N, %) | 0.17 | <0.001 | ||||||
| Never | 3,678 (69.36) | 610 (24.92) | 651 (22.80) | 3,525 (68.89) | 1,119 (64.09) | 2,406 (71.37) | ||
| <1 Time/month | 1,261 (23.78) | 170 (6.94) | 194 (6.80) | 1,238 (24.19) | 486 (27.84) | 752 (22.31) | ||
| ≥1 Time/month | 364 (6.86) | 1,668 (68.14) | 2,010 (70.40) | 354 (6.92) | 141 (8.08) | 213 (6.32) | ||
| Sleep duration (Mean ± SD, hours/per day) | 6.17 ± 2.00 | 6.46 ± 0.04 | 5.91 ± 0.04 | <0.001 | 6.17 ± 1.99 | 6.41 ± 0.05 | 6.04 ± 0.03 | <0.001 |
| Number of chronic diseases (N, %) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||||
| 0 | 1,329 (25.06) | 1,187 (48.49) | 142 (4.97) | 1,298 (25.37) | 530 (30.36) | 768 (22.78) | ||
| 1 | 1,586 (29.91) | 999 (40.81) | 587 (20.56) | 1,528 (29.86) | 544 (31.16) | 984 (29.19) | ||
| ≥2 | 2,388 (45.03) | 262 (10.70) | 2,126 (74.47) | 2,291 (44.77) | 672 (38.49) | 1,619 (48.03) | ||
| Frailty scores (Mean ± SD) | 0.14 ± 0.09 | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.21 ± 0.07 | <0.001 | 1.04 ± 0.97 | 0 | 1.57 ± 0.77 | <0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms (N, %) | 1,712 (32.28) | 469 (19.16) | 1,243 (43.54) | <0.001 | 1,630 (31.85) | 124 (7.10) | 1,506 (44.68) | <0.001 |
| Depressive symptoms score (Mean ± SD) | 9.09 ± 6.45 | 7.07 ± 5.62 | 10.81 ± 6.61 | <0.001 | 9.02 ± 6.43 | 5.10 ± 3.86 | 11.05 ± 6.55 | <0.001 |
BMI, body mass index; SD, standard deviation.