TABLE 3.

Association between depressive symptoms and incidence of frailty.

	HR (95% CI)		Per SD increase
	Normal	Depression
Frailty index
Unadjusted	1 (Reference)	1.17 (0.98–1.39)	1.06 (0.996–1.12)
Model 1	1 (Reference)	1.15 (0.96–1.37)	1.05 (0.99–1.11)
Model 2	1 (Reference)	1.18 (0.98–1.41)	1.06 (0.99–1.13)
Phenotypic frailty
Unadjusted	1 (Reference)	1.47 (0.95–2.28)	1.33 (1.17–1.53)
Model 1	1 (Reference)	0.98 (0.63–1.52)	1.14 (0.995–1.31)
Model 2	1 (Reference)	0.96 (0.61–1.50)	1.12 (0.96–1.29)

CI, confidence interval; HR, hazard ratio; SD, standard deviation. The crude model was conducted without any adjustment; Model 1 was adjusted for age, and sex; Model 2 was additionally adjusted for education level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, marital status, place of residence, income, participation in social activities, number of chronic diseases, retirement status, and sleep duration.