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. 2022 Feb 10;12:772707. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.772707

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Copyright © 2022 Leuthardt, Bayer, Monné Rodríguez and Boyle.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Influence of HE-diet in diet resistant (DR) and diet induced obese (DIO) rat dams in filial generation 6 and 7 (F6/F7) on selected physiological parameters. (A) Body weight gain in gram (g) of DR dams on chow (light blue) or HE diet (dark blue), and DIO dams on chow (orange) or HE diet (red) during pregnancy and lactation. Dotted vertical line marks parturition. Inset shows body weight gain during pregnancy (difference between body weight on G1 and P2). (B) Blood glucose levels (mmol/l) during an oral glucose tolerance test in DR and DIO dams on chow or HE diet. Inset shows the area under the curve (AUC) relative to zero. (C) Sucrose preference in percent of total liquid intake on P14–15 in DR and DIO rat dams on either chow or HE diet. (D) Plasma leptin levels in ng/ml in fasted DR and DIO dams on chow or HE diet on P18 ± 1. (E) Average severity of liver steatosis according to the NAFLD scoring system for rodents (Grade 0–4) in DR and DIO dams on chow or HE diet. HE diet triggered liver steatosis regardless of phenotype. (F) Representative images of H&E sections. Inset in (F) shows image from a non-pregnant, non-lactating DIO dam after 6 weeks on HE diet (no steatosis present). (G) Quantification of pSTAT3-positive cells in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARH) in DR and DIO dams on chow or HE diet after 5 mg/kg leptin on P21 ± 1. (H,I) Representative images of leptin-induced pSTAT3 in the ARH in each group. (J) Quantification of oxytocin-positive cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) on brain levels 24–26) in DR and DIO dams on chow or HE diet. (K) Representative images of the PVH on level 25 in each group. Data are represented as mean ± SD. In the inset in (A), symbols denote significant differences between specific groups: + DR-Chow vs. DIO-HE; * DR-HE vs. DIO-Chow; # DIO-Chow vs. DIO-HE. For all comparisons, the number of symbols signify level of significance: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. DR-chow (F6 N = 8, F7 N = 6), DR-HE (F6 N = 7, F7 N = 6), DIO-chow (F6 N = 8, F7 N = 6), and DIO-HE (F6 N = 6, F7 N = 4).