Analysis of ZBP1, inflammatory cytokine expression, and ZBP1 ubiquitination levels in IAV-infected patients.A and B, qPCR assays of ZBP1 (A) and inflammatory cytokine (B) expression levels in PBMCs from healthy individuals (n = 113) or IAV-infected patients (n = 108). Box plots illustrate medians with 25 and 75% values, and error bars represent the 5th and 95th percentiles. Data represent means ± SEM. C, the relative ZBP1 mRNA and inflammatory cytokine levels in PBMCs from IAV-infected patients were subjected to Pearson’s correlation analysis. D and E, healthy individuals (#14, #22, #36, #58, #87) and IAV patients (#8, #15, #31, #45, #99) were randomly selected to isolate PBMCs. Co-IP and immunoblot analyses were performed with the indicated antibodies. (∗∗p < 0.01). Co-IP, co-immunoprecipitation; IAV, influenza A virus; qPCR, quantitative RT-PCR; ZBP1, Z-DNA-binding protein 1.