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. 2022 Jan 26;12:757228. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.757228

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Copyright © 2022 Martin, Chuah, Abdelaal, Pedersen, Malmodin, Abrahamsson, Hutter, Godson, Brennan, Fändriks, le Roux and Docherty

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Overview schematic. Created with BioRender.com. ¹H-NMR, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; FA, fatty acid; FAO, fatty acid oxidation; FMRR, fenofibrate, metformin, ramipril, and rosuvastatin; GBM, glomerular basement membrane; H&E, haematoxylin and eosin; PPARα, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha; PT, proximal tubule; RNA-Seq, ribonucleic acid next-generation sequencing; RYGB, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; RYGB-FMRR, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass plus fenofibrate, metformin, ramipril, and rosuvastatin; SD, Sprague Dawley; SHAM, sham surgery (laparotomy); TCA, tricarboxylic acid; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; UAER, urinary albumin excretion rate; VLCFA, very-long-chain fatty acid; ZDSD, Zucker Diabetic Sprague Dawley.