Table 3.

Associations of loneliness and isolation with incident dementia

	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3
Predictor	HR (95% CI)	P value	HR (95% CI)	P value	HR (95% CI)	P value
Separate analyses
Lonely versus not lonely	1.47 (1.20 to 1.80)	<0.001	1.03 (0.81 to 1.30)	0.817	1.04 (0.82 to 1.32)	0.752
Isolated versus no isolated	1.62 (1.39 to 1.90)	<0.001	1.34 (1.12 to 1.60)	0.002	1.34 (1.12 to 1.60)	0.002
Combined analyses
Lonely versus not lonely	1.28 (1.03 to 1.59)	0.024	0.95 (0.74 to 1.22)	0.689	0.96 (0.75 to 1.23)	0.716
Isolated versus no isolated	1.58 (1.34 to 1.86)	<0.001	1.33 (1.11 to 1.60)	0.002	1.33 (1.11 to 1.60)	0.003
Observations	147 604/152 712		133 885/1 37 894		133 885/137 894

Model 1. Adjusted for age and sex.

Model 2. Adjusted for age, sex, education, social deprivation, health behaviours, long-term illness, depressive symptoms, genetic risk and 10 principal components.

Model 3. Adjusted for age, sex, education, social deprivation, health behaviours, long-term illness, depressive symptoms and apolipoprotein E genotype.

The values are HRs and 95% CI.