Table 4.
Association of behavioural and biological factors with diabetes mellitus (DM)
| Characteristics | No of participants | Proportion with DM, n (%) | Odds of having DM | |
| COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |||
| Smoking habit | ||||
| Non-smoker | 7789 | 581 (8.0) | 1 | 1 |
| Smokers | 3488 | 303 (9.5) | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.4)* | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.3) |
| Users of smokeless tobacco products | ||||
| Non-users | 8544 | 642 (8.1) | 1 | – |
| Users | 2733 | 242 (9.7) | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.5)* | – |
| Users of either smoke or smokeless tobacco products | ||||
| Nonusers | 9857 | 751 (8.3) | 1 | – |
| Users | 1420 | 133 (10.1) | 1.2 (1.0 to 1.5) | – |
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| No | 8538 | 657 (8.4) | 1 | – |
| Yes | 2739 | 227 (8.7) | 1.0 (0.9 to 1.2) | – |
| Blood pressure | ||||
| Normal | 7197 | 311 (4.6) | 1 | 1 |
| Raised | 4080 | 573 (15.1) | 3.7 (3.1 to 4.4)*** | 2.2 (1.8 to 2.7)*** |
| Body mass index (N=12 556) | ||||
| Normal | 6378 | 355 (6.1) | 1 | 1 |
| Underweight | 1365 | 51 (4.0) | 0.6 (0.4 to 0.9)* | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) |
| Overweight and obese | 3534 | 478 (14.6) | 2.6 (2.2 to 3.1)*** | 2.0 (1.6 to 2.4)*** |
| Increased waist hip ratio (N=11 158) | ||||
| No | 4683 | 347 (8.0) | 1 | – |
| Yes | 6475 | 527 (8.9) | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.4) | – |
| Total cholesterol (N=10 837) | ||||
| Normal | 7722 | 478 (7.0) | 1 | 1 |
| Raised | 3115 | 357 (11.8) | 1.8 (1.5 to 2.1)*** | 1.0 (0.8 to 1.2) |
| Triglyceride (N=10 960) | ||||
| Normal | 7103 | 334 (5.0) | 1 | 1 |
| Raised | 3857 | 479 (13.4) | 2.9 (2.5 to 3.5)*** | 2.1 (1.8 to 2.6)*** |
*P<0.05, ***p<0.001.
AOR, adjusted OR; COR, crude OR.