Table 2:

Effects of modulation of HKDC1 protein expression during pregnancy on glucose homeostasis

Reference	Experiment	Location	Method of Analysis	Timing of Analysis	Effects on glucose homeostasis
Ludvik et al. [31]	50% HKDC1 knockdown	All tissues	Oral glucose load	Day 15 of gestation	↓ glucose tolerance ↓ tissue glucose uptake ↔ insulin sensitivity ↔ gluconeogenesis
Khan et al. [32]	HKDC1 knockout	Liver	Intraperitoneal glucose load	Day 17–18 of gestation	↓ glucose tolerance ↑ hepatic gluconeogenesis ↔ insulin sensitivity ↔ Akt phosphorylation△
	HKDC1 overexpression	Liver	Intraperitoneal glucose load	Day 17–18 of gestation	↑ glucose tolerance ↑ insulin sensitivity ↑ Akt phosphorylation△ ↑ ketone body production┼ ↓ hepatic gluconeogenesis

^△Akt phosphorylation assessed in the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle of pregnant mice

^┼Ketones assessed in pregnant mice during fasting