TABLE 3.

Protective effects of common antioxidant substances on cardiac function in dialysis patients.

Antioxidants	Renal protection mechanism
Taurine	Scavenges ROS, reduces inflammatory response, plays a role in phagocytosis and reduces inflammation, and protects against hemodialysis, ischemia, and various renal diseases
I-Carnitine	Reducing the production of acetyl coenzyme a and thus the production of free radicals reduces the production of pro-inflammatory factors in dialysis patients and is beneficial to the kidney
Vitamin C and Vitamin E	In dialysis patients, oxidative stress is associated with reduced vitamin C (Mirna et al., 2020). Infusion of vitamin C and use of vitamin E coated dialyzers in HD patients attenuates oxidative stress by reducing IDO1 activity and NO formation, weakening inflammation and cellular senescence (Januzzi et al., 2015). Vitamin E supplementation may reduce the risk of coronary artery disease by making LDL less susceptible to oxidation (Gaggin and Januzzi, 2013)
Niacinamide	Reduces the production of many cytokines associated with the pathogenesis of cardiac insufficiencies, such as IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor