Table 1. Meta-Analysis Results for Alphabetic Languages.

		n participants		Effect of age
Measure	n studies	Young	Older	Estimated mean	95% CI [lower, upper]	z	p
Sentence level
Sentence reading time	22	417	404	385	[246, 524]	5.43	<.001
Fixation duration	22	403	390	13	[8, 18]	4.93	<.001
Number of fixations	19	367	354	1.0	[0.4, 1.6]	3.26	.001
Number of regressions	20	392	379	0.8	[0.6, 1.0]	7.41	<.001
Forward saccade length	18	332	319	1.2	[0.7, 1.6]	5.00	<.001
Multiword region
First-pass reading time	8	208	213	71	[43, 98]	5.00	<.001
Regression-path time	6	160	160	258	[99, 416]	3.19	.001
Total reading time	7	177	178	334	[177, 490]	4.19	<.001
Word level
First-fixation duration	23	597	544	20	[14, 26]	6.54	<.001
Gaze duration	33	856	811	21	[12, 29]	4.66	<.001
Total reading time	31	839	807	70	[46, 94]	5.66	<.001
Skipping probability	23	551	504	4	[3, 6]	5.71	<.001
Word frequency
First-fixation duration	8	147	134	5	[−3, 13]	1.20	.231
Gaze duration	8	147	134	6	[0, 11]	1.97	.049
Total reading time	8	147	134	32	[15, 50]	3.62	<.001
Skipping probability	7	115	102	1	[−1, 4]	0.95	.343
Word predictability
First-fixation duration	4	87	88	1	[−21, 23]	0.10	.917
Gaze duration	4	87	88	7	[−1, 14]	1.77	.076
Total reading time	6	143	144	43	[−4, 91]	1.80	.072
Skipping probability	3	66	67	−1	[−12, 9]	−0.24	.811