Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies included in the meta-analysis.
| Authors (Years) | Country | City | Study Period | Sample Size | Positive Rate (%) | Microbiological Profiles |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Europe | ||||||
| Schaefer (2001) | Switzerland | Lausanne | 1997–1998 | 85 | 86 |
Staphylococcus epidermidis (29.0%) Staphylococcus aureus (16.0%) Pseudomonas species (7.0%) |
| Saeed (2009) | Ireland | Dublin | 2001–2003 | 90 | 36 |
Pseudomonas species (33.3%) Coagulase negative staphylococci (12.1%) Staphylococcus aureus (9.0%) |
| Orlans (2011) | UK | Oxford | 1999–2009 | 467 | 54 | Coagulase negative staphylococci (25.8%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24.3%) Staphylococcus aureus (14.3%) |
| Prokosch (2012) | Germany | Münster | 2002–2009 | 346 | 43 |
Staphylococcus aureus (31.7%) Pseudomonas species (7.5%) Streptococcus pneumoniae (6.0%) |
| Otri (2013) | UK | Nottingham | 2007–2007 | 129 | 35 |
Staphylococcus aureus (18.8%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.0%) Pneumococcus (9.4%) |
| Tan (2017) | UK | Manchester | 2004–2015 | 4229 | 30 | Coagulase negative staphylococci (38.5%) Pseudomonas (37.1%) Staphylococcus aureus (23.9%) |
| Ferreira (2018) | Portugal | Porto | 2007–2015 | 235 | 38 |
Staphylococcus aureus (23.1%) Corynebacterium macginleyi (20.0%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.8%) |
| Tavassoli (2019) | UK | Bristol | 2006–2017 | 2116 | 38 | Coagulase negative staphylococci (49.9%) Pseudomonas species (22.0%) Streptococci (9.7%) |
| Tena (2019) | Spain | Guadalajara | 2010–2016 | 298 | 65 | Coagulase negative staphylococci (28.6%) Cutibacterium species (19.6%) Corynebacterium species (9.8%) |
| Africa | ||||||
| Capriotti (2010) | Sierra Leone | Freetown | 2005–2006 | 73 | 58 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (39.7%) Staphylococcus aureus (27.4%) Coagulase negative staphylococci (5.5%) |
| Asia | ||||||
| Sharma (2007) | India | Hyderabad | 2002–2002 | 170 | 62 |
Staphylococcus epidermidis (18.6%) Streptococcus pneumoniae (18.6%) Pseudomonas species (4.9%) |
| Yilmaz (2007) | Turkey | Izmir | 1990–2005 | 620 | 28 |
Staphylococcus epidermidis (26.6%) Staphylococcus aureus (24.4%) Streptococcus pneumoniae (15.5%) |
| Fong (2007) | China | Taipei | 1994–2005 | 272 | - |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (46.7%) Cutibacterium species (8.1%) Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (6.6%) |
| Lavaju (2009) | Nepal | Dharan | 2007–2008 | 44 | 36 |
Staphylococcus aureus (70.0%) Pseudomonas species (15.0%) Acinetobactor species (5.0%) |
| Feilmeier (2010) | Nepal | Kathmandu | 2006–2009 | 468 | 15 |
Streptococcus pneumoniae (69.0%) Staphylococcus aureus (11.0%) Staphylococcus epidermidis (7.0%) |
| Dhakhwa (2012) | Nepal | Siddharthanagar | 2007 | 414 | 39 |
Staphylococcus epidermidis (29.6%) Streptococcus viridans (15.1%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14.0%) |
| Lin (2012) | India | Madurai | 2006–2009 | 5221 | 21 |
Staphylococcus epidermidis (31.9%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.4%) Staphylococcus simulans (5.5%) |
| Politis (2016) | Israel | Jerusalem | 2002–2014 | 943 | 44 | Coagulase-negative staphylococci (43.9%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24.8%) Streptococcus pneumoniae (6.9%) |
| Hsiao (2016) | China | Taoyuan | 2003–2012 | 2012 | 40 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (24.4%) Coagulase-negative staphylococci (16.6%) Cutibacterium species (9.1%) |
| Aruljyothi (2016) | India | Madurai | 2011–2013 | 234 | 30 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (37.9%) Streptococcus pneumoniae (24.1%) Staphylococcus aureus (12.0%) |
| Lin (2017) | China | Guangzhou | 2009–2013 | 2973 | 12 |
Staphylococcus epidermidis (31.9%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.4%) Staphylococcus simulans (5.5%) |
| Bagga (2018) | India | Hyderabad | 1991–2012 | 60 | 42 |
Staphylocci (35.0%) Corynebacteria (25.5%) Streptococci (24.0%) |
| Mun (2019) | Korea | Seoul | 2007–2016 | 129 | 78 | Coagulase negative staphylococci (15.9%) Staphylococcus aureus (12.1%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.3%) |
| Liu (2019) | China | Taipei | 2007–2016 | 363 | 51 |
Pseudomonas species (44.7%) Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (7.5%) Propioebacterium species (6.8%) |
| Das (2019) | India | Hyderabad | 2007–2014 | 3981 | 29 |
Streptococcus pneumoniae (16.1%) Staphylococcus aureus (13.8%) Pseudomonas species (7.4%) |
| Khor (2020) | Malaysia | Sarawak | 2010–2016 | 221 | 30 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (33.6%) Staphylococcus aureus (3.4%) Corynebacterium species (1.7%) |
| Oceania | ||||||
| Hall (2004) | New Zealand | Christchurch | 1997–2001 | 87 | 59 | Coagulase negative staphylococci (19.3%) Moraxella species (19.3%) Coryebacterium species (16.0%) |
| Ly (2006) | Australia | Sydney | 2002–2003 | 112 | 42 | Coagulase negative staphylococci (38.0%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (21.0%) Corynebacterium species and coryneform bacteria (15.0%) |
| Constantinou (2009) | Australia | Melbourne | 1998–2007 | 47 | 70 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (33.3%) Coagulase negative staphylococci (11.1%) Cutibacterium acnes (8.9%) |
| Pandita (2011) | New Zealand | Hamilton | 2007 | 265 | 65 | Coagulase negative staphylococci (40.8%) Staphylococcus aureus (11.5%) Streptococcus pneumonia (7.5%) |
| Watson (2019) | Australia | Sydney | 2016 | 224 | 75 | Coagulase negative staphylococci (47.8%) Staphylococcus aureus (9.6%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (9.6%) |
| America | ||||||
| Alexandrakis (2000) | USA | Miami | 1990–1998 | 2920 | 50 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (25.7%) Staphylococcus aureus (19.4%) Serratia marcescens (7.6%) |
| Yeh (2006) | USA | Durham | 1997–2004 | 453 | 68 | Coagulase negative staphylococci (39.0%) Staphylococcus aureus (12.0%) Pseudomonas species (10.0%) |
| Afshari (2008) | USA | Boston | 1999–2000 | 485 | 66 | Coagulase negative staphylococci (45.5%) Staphylococcus aureus (15.2%) Diphtheroids (5.7%) |
| Lichtinger (2012) | Canada | Toronto | 2000–2010 | 1701 | 53 | Coagulase negative staphylococci (37.0%) Staphylococcus aureus (17.0%) Streptococcus species (17.0%) |
| Hernandez-Camarena (2015) | Mexico | Mexico City | 2002–2011 | 1638 | 33 |
Staphylococcus epidermidis (25%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12%) Coagulase negative staphylococci (10%) |
| Sand (2015) | USA | Los angeles | 2008–2012 | 476 | 62 | Coagulase negative staphylococci (51.4%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.3%) Staphylococcus aureus (12.8%) |
| Rossetto (2017) | USA | Miami | 1992–2015 | 107 | 58 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (42.1%) Strenotrophomonas maltophilia (17.5%) Serratia marcescens (8.8%) |
| Tam (2017) | Canada | Toronto | 2000–2015 | 2330 | 49 | Coagulase negative staphylococci (37%) Staphylococcus aureus (15%) Streptococcus species (15%) |
| Jin (2017) | USA | Houston | 2011–2015 | 96 | 62 |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (33.9%) Coagulase negative staphylococci (26.8%) Streptococcus pneumoniae (10.7%) |
| Peng (2018) | USA | San Francisco | 1996–2015 | 2203 | 24 |
Staphylococcus aureus (25.1%) Coagulase negative staphylococci (20.5%) Streptococcus viridans (13%) |
| Termote (2018) | Canada | Vancouver | 2006–2011 | 281 | 75 | Coagulase negative staphylococci (25.6%) Streptococcus species (12.4%) Staphylococcus aureus (12.1%) |