Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants, according to tertiles of changes in total polyphenol intake.
| Tertiles of Δ Polyphenol Intake after 1 Year | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Change of polyphenol intake (mg/day), median (min to max) | T1 −249 (−2400 to −106) |
T2 1.52 (−106 to 107) |
T3 256 (107 to 1400) |
P |
| No. of subjects | 1974 | 1974 | 1973 | |
| Allocated in the intervention group | 901 (45.6) | 955 (48.4) | 1044 (52.9) | <0.001 |
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 65.2 ± 4.9 | 65.0 ± 4.8 | 64.9 ± 4.9 | 0.09 |
| Women, n (%) | 987 (50.0) | 971 (49.2) | 898 (45.5) | 0.01 |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| Primary school | 981 (49.7) | 971 (49.2) | 990 (50.2) | 0.11 |
| High school | 545 (27.6) | 606 (30.7) | 550 (27.9) | |
| University | 448 (22.7) | 397 (20.1) | 433 (21.9) | |
| Current smoker, n (%) | ||||
| Baseline | 243 (12.3) | 242 (12.2) | 250 (12.7) | 0.06 |
| After 1 year | 205 (11.9) | 202 (11.9) | 214 (13.3) | 0.45 |
| Physical activity (METS.min/week), mean ± SD | ||||
| Baseline | 2543 ± 2283 | 2454 ± 2329 | 2527 ± 2353 | 0.34 |
| 1-year change | 518 ± 2480 * | 506 ± 2363 * | 567 ± 2433 * | 0.70 |
| Diabetes status | ||||
| Nondiabetic participants | 384 (19.5) | 432 (21.9) | 415 (21.0) | 0.36 |
| Pre-diabetic participants | 981 (49.7) | 950 (48.1) | 941 (47.7) | |
| Diabetic participants | 609 (30.9) | 592 (30.0) | 617 (31.3) | |
| Glucose (mg/dL), mean ± SD | ||||
| Baseline | 113.67 ± 28.70 | 112.18 ± 29.08 | 114.29 ± 28.97 | 0.06 |
| 1-year change | −2.41 ± 20.92 * | −1.59 ± 23.13 | −3.4 ± 23.04 * | 0.04 |
| HbA1c (%), mean ± SD | ||||
| Baseline | 6.12 ± 0.87 | 6.08 ± 0.87 | 6.11 ± 0.83 | 0.25 |
| 1-year change | −0.09 ± 0.53 * | −0.05 ± 0.53 | −0.09 ± 0.57 * | 0.07 |
Values are frequencies and percentages for categorical variables or means ± SDs for continuous variables, except for polyphenol intake, which are median (min-max). Analysis of variance one factor (ANOVA) was used for continuous variables and the χ2 test for categorical variables. BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); SD, standard deviation. * Significant differences between baseline and one-year data.