Table 4.
Changes in glucose (mg/dL) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (%) according to tertiles of change in polyphenol intake after one year and stratified by diabetes status at baseline. Results from linear mixed models.
| Non Diabetic Participants (N = 1231, 21%) |
Prediabetic Participants (N = 2872, 48%) |
Diabetic Participants (N = 1818, 30%) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T3 vs. T1 | P | T3 vs. T1 | P | T3 vs. T1 | P | ||
| Total polyphenols (mg/d) | Glucose | −0.21 (−1.95, 1.52) a | 0.81 | −1.16 (−2.25, −0.06) | 0.04 | −0.83 (−4.95, 3.30) | 0.69 |
| HbA1c | 0.011 (−0.040, 0.062) | 0.68 | 0.011 (−0.017, 0.04) | 0.44 | −0.011 (−0.118, 0.097) | 0.85 | |
| Total flavonoids (mg/d) | Glucose | −0.99 (−2.72, 0.75) | 0.27 | −1.66 (−2.75, −0.56) | 0.001 | −2.24 (−6.39, 1.90) | 0.29 |
| HbA1c | 0.025 (−0.028, 0.077) | 0.36 | −0.009 (−0.037, 0.02) | 0.55 | −0.014 (−0.122, 0.095) | 0.81 | |
| Anthocyanidins (mg/d) | Glucose | 0.44 (−1.31, 2.19) | 0.62 | −0.4 (−1.5, 0.7) | 0.48 | −0.80 (−4.95, 3.35) | 0.71 |
| HbA1c | −0.004 (−0.057, 0.049) | 0.87 | 0.003 (−0.026, 0.031) | 0.85 | −0.025 (−0.134, 0.083) | 0.65 | |
| Catechins (mg/d) | Glucose | −0.19 (−1.91, 1.53) | 0.83 | −0.67 (−1.76, 0.42) | 0.23 | −2.08 (−6.18, 2.02) | 0.32 |
| HbA1c | 0.007 (−0.044, 0.059) | 0.79 | −0.003 (−0.031, 0.025) | 0.84 | −0.101 (−0.208, 0.006) | 0.06 | |
| Proanthocyanidins (mg/d) | Glucose | −0.58 (−2.31, 1.15) | 0.51 | −1.2 (−2.3, −0.1) | 0.03 | −2.46 (−6.59, 1.68) | 0.24 |
| HbA1c | 0.033 (−0.019, 0.085) | 0.21 | −0.008 (−0.036, 0.021) | 0.58 | −0.033 (−0.141, 0.076) | 0.56 | |
| Flavanones (mg/d) | Glucose | −0.08 (−1.81, 1.66) | 0.93 | −1.02 (−2.11, 0.08) | 0.07 | −1.22 (−5.34, 2.89) | 0.56 |
| HbA1c | 0.016 (−0.035, 0.068) | 0.54 | 0.007 (−0.022, 0.035) | 0.64 | 0.048 (−0.060, 0.155) | 0.39 | |
| Flavones (mg/d) | Glucose | −1.03 (−2.78, 0.72) | 0.25 | −1.27 (−2.39, −0.15) | 0.03 | −3.02 (−7.24, 1.20) | 0.16 |
| HbA1c | −0.000 (−0.052, 0.051) | 0.99 | −0.03 (−0.059, 0.000) | 0.05 | −0.084 (−0.194, 0.025) | 0.13 | |
| Flavonols (mg/d) | Glucose | −1.39 (−3.13, 0.34) | 0.12 | −0.95 (−2.05, 0.15) | 0.09 | −2.46 (−6.58, 1.66) | 0.24 |
| HbA1c | 0.009 (−0.042, 0.061) | 0.72 | −0.036 (−0.065, −0.007) | 0.01 | −0.148 (−0.256, −0.040) | 0.01 | |
| Total phenolics acids (mg/d) | Glucose | 0.26 (−1.46, 1.97) | 0.77 | 0.48 (−0.62, 1.57) | 0.39 | 0.01 (−4.09, 4.11) | 1.00 |
| HbA1c | 0.018 (−0.032, 0.069) | 0.48 | 0.022 (−0.007, 0.05) | 0.13 | 0.006 (−0.101, 0.113) | 0.91 | |
| Hydroxycinnamic acids (mg/d) | Glucose | 0.53 (−1.19, 2.25) | 0.54 | 0.2 (−0.89, 1.3) | 0.72 | 0.14 (−3.97, 4.24) | 0.95 |
| HbA1c | 0.02 (−0.031, 0.071) | 0.44 | 0.03 (0.001, 0.058) | 0.04 | 0.003 (−0.104, 0.110) | 0.95 | |
| Hydroxybenzoic acids (mg/d) | Glucose | −0.13 (−1.90, 1.65) | 0.89 | 0.34 (−0.77, 1.46) | 0.55 | 1.58 (−2.62, 5.78) | 0.46 |
| HbA1c | 0.009 (−0.042, 0.061) | 0.72 | −0.007 (−0.036, 0.022) | 0.63 | 0.034 (−0.077, 0.144) | 0.55 | |
| Lignans (mg/d) | Glucose | 0.1 (−1.64, 1.85) | 0.91 | −0.62 (−1.73, 0.49) | 0.27 | −4.83 (−8.99, −0.66) | 0.02 |
| HbA1c | −0.029 (−0.08, 0.023) | 0.28 | −0.039 (−0.067, −0.01) | 0.01 | −0.169 (−0.277, −0.062) | 0.002 | |
| Stilbenes (mg/d) | Glucose | 0.61 (−1.26, 2.48) | 0.52 | −0.21 (−1.39, 0.96) | 0.73 | −5.51 (−9.87, −1.14) | 0.01 |
| HbA1c | 0.022 (−0.034, 0.077) | 0.45 | −0.021 (−0.051, 0.01) | 0.18 | −0.079 (−0.192, 0.034) | 0.17 | |
a (β; 95% CI). We used generalized linear mixed models with the following levels: recruitment center and household. Regression models are adjusted for sex, age (continuous), and intervention group, education, smoking status (never, former and smokers), physical activity at leisure time (sedentary, moderately active, active), BMI (<30, 30–35, <35), energy intake, and intake of carbohydrates and saturated fatty acids.