Table 2.

Macrophage types and function.

Macrophage Type	Stimulus for Differentiation	Role in Inflammation	Mice Markers	Human Markers	References
M1	Ox-LDL, proinflammatory cytokines, lipopolysaccharides	Proinflammatory	IL-1β, TNF, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, arginase II	IL-1β, TNF, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, arginase II	[47,62,64,65]
M2 (a,b,c)	IL-4, IL-10, IL-1β	Anti-inflammatory, resistant to lipid accumulation	Arginase I, resistin-like α, Ym1, Ym2, MMGL, stabilin-1, CD163, IL-10high, IL-12low	MMR, IL-1RA, factor XIIIa, CD200R, CCL18, stabilin-1, CD163, IL-10high, IL-12low
Mox	Oxidized phospholipids	Antioxidant	HO-1 (heme oxygenase sulfiredoxin-1), TR, NFE2L2 (nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2)	HO-1, sulfiredoxin-1, TR, NFE2L2
M4	CXCL4 (C-X-C motif chemokine 4)	Proinflammatory, reduces phagocytosis	MMP-7, S100-A8, MMR (macrophage mannose receptor)	MMP-7, S100-A8, MMR