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. 2022 Feb 10;13:806163. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.806163

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Copyright © 2022 Michela, van Peer, Brammer, Nies, van Rooij, Oostenveld, Dorrestijn, Smit, Roelofs, Klumpers and Granic.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Stability of arousal and engagement during the course of the training. Changes across the whole training in: (A) self-reported challenge (1 = very low to 7 = very high); (B) mean engagement (1 = very low to 7 = very high); (C) HR change, in BMP, from the 30 s pre-test baseline (the dashed line represents a null change); (D) Difference between the self-reported estimation of biofeedback control score after the VR task and the real score (range 0–100%; plotted value = real score—reported score). Stderr, standard error of the mean; BFB ON, Sessions in which online biofeedback was presented to the participants.