Table 1.

Antibiotic prescription for suspected UTI episodes in Dutch nursing home residents.

	Resident-Related Factor	Antibiotic Prescription (n = 185)	RR [95% CI]
Gender	Female vs. Male	65.4% (n = 161)/46.2% (n = 24)	1.4 [1.04–1.93]
Indwelling catheter	Yes vs. No	80.0% (n = 8)/61.3% (n = 174)	1.3 [0.95–1.80]
Specific UTI symptoms	Dysuria Yes vs. No Urgency Yes vs. No Frequency Yes vs. No Urinary incontinence Yes vs. No Urethral discharge Yes vs. No	87.8% (n = 65)/49.5% (n = 93) 74.6% (n = 91)/49.3% (n = 71) 74.8% (n = 83)/50.0% (n = 78) 74.5% (n = 41)/57.7% (n = 127) 42.9% (n = 3)/61.9% (n = 159)	1.8 [1.50–2.10] 1.5 [1.24–1.84] 1.5 [1.24–1.81] 1.3 [1.07–1.56] 0.7 [0.29–1.64]
Systemic symptoms	Fever Yes vs. No Chills Yes vs. No Delirium Yes vs. No	64.3% (n = 9)/60.7% (n = 164) 60.0% (n = 6)/61.7% (n = 174) 64.7% (n = 22)/61.8% (n = 144)	1.1 [0.71–1.58] 1.0 [0.58–1.63] 1.0 [0.80–1.37]
Additional symptoms	Costovertebral angle tenderness Yes vs. No Suprapubic pain Yes vs. No	69.2% (n = 9)/61.7% (n = 153) 78.4% (n = 69)/51.1% (n = 94)	1.1 [0.77–1.63] 1.5 [1.28–1.84]
Non-specific symptoms	Confusion vs. No confusion Loss of appetite Yes vs. No Malaise Yes vs. No	62.6% (n = 107)/62.4% (n = 73) 73.2% (n = 41)/57.5% (n = 130) 67.4% (n = 64) 58.2% (n = 110)	1.0 [0.84–1.20] 1.3 [1.05–1.55] 1.2 [0.96–1.39]
Solely non-specific symptoms		45.0% (n = 27)
Leukocytes	Positive * vs. Negative	69.9% (n = 158)/33.3% (n = 19)	2.1 [1.44–3.06]
	Positive * leukocytes -1+ -2+ -3+	54.8% (n = 40) 72.2% (n = 39) 79.8% (n = 79)
Nitrite	Positive vs. Negative	77.9% (n = 88)/52.4% (n = 89)	1.5 [1.25–1.77]
Nitrite & leukocytes	Positive	81.0% (n = 81)	1.5 [1.31–1.83]
Nitrite & leukocytes	Negative	27.3% (n = 12)	0.4 [0.24–0.65]

The proportion of antibiotic prescriptions in the enrolled suspected UTI episodes (n = 298) per resident-related factor and RR evaluating the association between antibiotic prescription and the resident-related factors; * leukocytes positive: 1+ = 10–25 leukocytes per μL, 2+ = ~75 leukocytes per μL, 3+ = ~500 leukocytes per μL); missing data (n): indwelling catheter (4), dysuria (36), urgency (32), frequency (31), urinary incontinence (23), urethral discharge (34), fever (14), chills (6), delirium (31), costovertebral angle tenderness (37), suprapubic pain (26), confusion (10), loss of appetite (16), malaise (14), dipstick leukocytes and nitrite (15); CI = confidence interval; RR = relative risk; UTI = urinary tract infection.