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. 2022 Jan 28;11(2):255. doi: 10.3390/antiox11020255

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of bee bread on immunoexpression of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 proteins in the testes of obese rats. For each protein, C, Ob, Ob + BB and Ob + OR groups are represented by (a–d), respectively, while (e) represents the negative control (PBS). Staining using immunohistochemistry protocol showed seminiferous tubules with increased expressions of NF-κB, TNF-α and IL-1β, and decreased expression of IL-10 in Ob group, compared to C, Ob + BB and Ob + OR groups. Quantitative data are shown in (f) NF-κB, (g) TNF-α, (h) IL-1β and (i) IL-10. Values are mean ± SD, n = 6. ^a p < 0.05 vs. C, ^b p < 0.05 vs. Ob (one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test).