Table 1.
Different green extraction used to obtain bioactives from tropical fruit by-products.
| Fruit | By-Product | Composition Solvent | Extraction Method | Characterization Method | Major Compounds Extracted/Identified | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mango | Seed Kernel | EtOH (50%) | Agitation for 1 h at room temperature and 2000 rpm | HPLC-UV/Vis | Gallic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, Penta-O-galloyl-b-D-glucose, galloylglucose species with galloyl moieties (greater than five) | [67] |
| Peel | EtOH | UAE at 25 kHz; MAE at 2450 mHz | HPLC/ESI/MS | Phenolic compounds and flavonoids | [68] | |
| Lactic acid, NaOAc and H2O (3:1:4) |
MAE at 436.45 W, 19.66 min | HPLC | Mangiferin | [69] | ||
| EtOH | MAE + UAE (2450 MHz and 25 KHz, respectively) | HPLC/ESI/MS | Polyphenols | [70] | ||
| Pineapple | Core | Phosphate buffer | Agitation | MALDI-TOF-TOF | Glycylendopeptidases | [71] |
| H2O | Autohydrolysis | HPLC | Gallic, hydroxybenzoic, chlorogenic, coumaric and caffeic acids and epicatechin | [72] | ||
| Rind | N-Hexane | Cold extraction | GC-MS | Limonene, alpha-farnesene, trans caryophyllene and myrcene | [73] | |
| Avocado | Seed | EtOH | MAE at 71.64 °C for 14.69 min | HPLC-ESI-MS | Perseitol, procyanidins, hydroxytyrosol glycoside, caffeoylquinic acid, coumaroylquinic acid, catechin and epicatechin | [74] |
| EtOH/H2O (80:20, v/v) | UAE for 15 min at 25 °C | HPLC-MS/MS | Procyanidin B1, catechin, epicatechin and trans-5- O-cafeoyl-D-quinic acid | [26] | ||
| Peel | EtOH (36%) | MAE for 39 min at 130 °C | HPLC-ESI-TOF/ QTOF-MS |
Quinic acid, citric acid, syringic acid, procyanidins, catechin, epicatechin, rutin, quercetin derivates, naringenin and kaempferol | [75] | |
| MeOH (80%) | Maceration at 15 °C for 24 h | UPLC-ESI-MS/MS | Procyanidins, quinic acid, citric acid, catechin, epicatechin, rutin, quercetin, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and kaempferol | [76] | ||
| EtOH/H2O (50:50, v/v) | PLE at 200 °C for 20 min at 11 MPa | HPLC-DAD-ESI-TOF-MS | Pyrocatechol, vanillic acid, catechin, epicatechin, procyanidins, rutin, quercetin, kaempferol, sakuranetina and naringenin | [77] | ||
| Custard Apple | Seed | EtOH (80%) | Agitation at 200 rpm for 1 week | GC-MS | β -stigmasterol, β -sitosterol and dihydrobrassicasterol | [41] |
| MeOH/H2O (80:20, v/v) | UAE for 15 min at room temperature | HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS | Catechin, epicatechin, procyanidins, vanillic acid, quinic acid, hydroxybenzoic acid and syringic acid | [78] | ||
| Peel | MeOH (15%) | SFE with CO2 for 3 h at 75 °C and 100 bars | UPLC-ESI-MS | Aporphine, boldine, flaucine, anonaine, xilopine and pehnolamide | [79] | |
| EtOH (70%) | Agitation in the dark for 12 h at 4 °C and 120 rpm | LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and HPLC-PDA | Kaphtaric acid, chlorogenic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, sinapinic acid and resveratrol | [80] | ||
| Leaves | EtOH/H2O (75:25, v/v) | Maceration for 3 days in the dark at room temperature | HPLC-ESI-DAD-MS/MS | Catequin, epicatechin, kaempferol-3- O- glucoside, anonaine, quercetin-3- O -glucoside and pronuciferin | [44] | |
| EtOH/H2O (80:20) and Acetone/H2O (70:30) | UAE for 20 min | HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS | Neochlorogenic acid, rutin, epicatechin, catechin, procyanidins, trigonelline, quinic acid, citric acid, kaempferol and quercetin | [81] | ||
| Papaya | Seed | CO2-EtOH(5, 8%) | SFE with CO2-EtOH for 180 min at 50 °C and 20 MPa | HPLC-ESI-MS/MS | Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and p-coumaric acid | [82] |
| Distilled Water | SWE for 5 min at 150 °C | LC-ESI-MS/MS | Ferulic acid, mandelic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and myricetin | [83] | ||
| Peel | EtOH (70%) | Agitation for 12 h at 4 °C and 120 rpm | LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS y HPLC-PDA | Gallic acid, kaphtharic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, syringic acid, ferulic acid, epicatechin, kaempferol and quercetin | [80] | |
| EtOH (23.32%) | MAE for 3 min at 340 W | GC-MS | Phenolic compounds and flavonoids | [84] | ||
| Leaves | MeOH | Maceration for 72 h at room temperature | - | Phytol, β-sitosterol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol and hexadecanoic acid | [85] | |
| H2O | UAE for 10–20 min | HPLC-DAD-QTOF-MS/MS | Caffeoylquinic acid, coumaric acid derivatives, ferulic acid derivatives, rutin, kaempferol glucoside and rhamnoside | [86] | ||
| Guava | Seed | MeOH | Guava seed oil: Agitation for 1 min at 20 °C | RP-UHPLC-DAD-HESI-MS/MS; GC-MS | Vanillic acid, vanillin, syringaldehyde, abscisic acid and cinnamic acid, β-sitosterol, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol and campesterol | [87] |
| EtOH/H2O (30:70, v/v) |
UAE for 2 min at 25 °C, 20 kHz and 500 W |
LC-ESI-MS/MS | Salicylic acid, cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, ellagic acid, gallic acid, galangin, naringenin, catechin and quercetin | [88] | ||
| Peel | MeOH/H2O (9:1, v/v) +1% formic acid | UAE | UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS | Gallic acid and derivatives, derivatives of cinnamic acid, caffeoylquinic acids, flavanols, proanthocyanidins, ellagitannins and anthocyanidins | [89] | |
| Leaves | Distilled H2O | Boiling at 90 °C for 30 min | LC/MS | Quercetin, 3-synapoylquinic acid, esculin, gallocatequin, ellagic acid, gallic acid and citric acid | [90] | |
| EtOH (70%) | UAE for 30 min at 340 W | HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS | Rutin, quercetin, quercitrin, kaempferol and avicularin | [91] | ||
| Litchi | Seed | EtOH (95%) | Direct reflux extraction for 2 h at 90 °C | HPLC | Catechin, epicatechin, litchiol A and litchiol B | [92] |
| Peel | Phosphate buffer Hot H2O |
Enzyme extractionPressurized hot-water extraction | HPLC | Polyphenolic content | [93] | |
| Pass. Fruit | Seed | EtOH (70%) | Agitation for 30 min at 80 °C | HPLC-DAD LC-ESI-MS/MS |
Flavonoids | [94] |
| Peel | EtOH (70%) | HAE for 2 min | UHPLC-PDA | Isoorientin, orientin and sovitexin | [15] | |
| Leaves | Aqueous solutions of ionic liquids (ILs) | IL-MA-SLE | HPLC-PDA | Rutin, quercetin and apigenin | [95] |
Abbreviations: EtOH (Ethanol), HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography), Vis (Visible), UAE (Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction), MAE (Microwave-Assisted Extraction), ESI (Electrospray Ionization), MS (Mass Spectrum), NaOAc (Sodium Acetate), MALDI (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization), TOF (Time Of Flight), GC (Gas Chromatography), QTOF (Quadrupole Time Of Flight), MeOH (Methanol), UPLC (Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography), PLE (Pressurized Liquid Extraction), DAD (Diode-Array Detection), SFE (Supercritical Fluid Extraction), LC (Liquid Chromatography), PDA (Photodiode-Array Detection), SWE (Subcritical Water Extraction), RP (Reversed Phase), UHPLC (Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography), HESI (Heated Electrospray Ionization), HAE (Homogenizer-Assisted), IL-MA-SLE (Ionic Liquid Microwave-Assisted Solid-Liquid Extraction).