Table 4.

Recent examples of methods used to encapsulate lycopene from 2017 to 2021.

Delivery System	Encapsulation Method	Results	References
β-cyclodextrins	A mixture of methylene chloride solution of lycopene with ethanol at 37 °C.	Higher stability against oxidizing agents (AAPH and H2O2).	[52]
β-cyclodextrins	Lycopene inclusion complexes with β-cyclodextrin were prepared by the precipitation method.	Increased thermal stability, photostability, and antioxidant activity.	[38]
Nanoliposomes	Sonication of lycopene, soybean phosphatidylcholine, cholesterol, and aqueous solution.	Neuronal protection against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Improved therapeutic efficacy and attenuated the cardiotoxicity of the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin.	[53]
Phospholipid nanoliposomes	Nanospheres of phospholipids with lycopene produced by evaporation and nanoliposomes produced by sonication with the presence of buffer and recovered by centrifugation.	Enhanced antioxidant activity. Prevented reactive oxygen species-induced kidney tissue damage.	[54]
Double-loaded liposomes	Lycopene, β-cyclodextrins encapsulated with soy lecithin and cholesterol.	Prolonged-release. Improvement of lycopene solubility. Cardioprotective activity tested in vivo.	[55]
Oil-in-water nano-emulsions	Octenyl succinate anhydride-modified starch mixed with lycopene using high-pressure homogenization and medium-chain triglycerides as carrier oils.	Stable nano-emulsions system with potential application for functional foods.	[2]
Oil-in-water emulsions	Emulsion of water, pure whey isolate, citric acid, triglycerides, and lycopene created with pressure homogenizer.	Increased lycopene bio-accessibility. System critical for the delivery of lipophilic bioactive compounds in functional drinks.	[56]
Nanodispersions	Homogenization of lycopene dissolved in dichloromethane, aqueous phase, and Tween 20.	Small-size lycopene nanodispersions. Good stability for application in beverage products.	[57]
Feed emulsions	Homogenization of tomato powders, maltodextrin, and gum Arabic in aqueous solution and encapsulation made by spray-drying.	Increased lycopene stability.	[58]
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN)	Lycopene-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles using Precirol® ATO 5, Compritol® 888 ATO, and myristic acid by hot homogenization.	Stable after 2 months in an aqueous medium (4 °C).	[59]
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN)	Cold homogenization technique with glyceryl monostearate and lycopene.	Gel with a promising antioxidant therapy in periodontal defects.	[60]
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN)	Homogenization-evaporation technique of lycopene-loaded SLN with different ratios of biocompatible Compritol® 888 ATO and gelucire.	Particles showed in vitro anticancer activity.	[61]
Nanostructure lipid carriers (NLCs)	Ultrasonication of lycopene with Tween 80 and Poloxamer 188.	Enhanced oral bio-availability. Increased cytotoxicity against human breast tumor cells.	[62]
Nanostructure lipid carriers (NLCs)	Homogenization and ultrasonication method (aqueous phase with Tween 80, lecithin, and lycopene).	Increased lycopene aqueous solubility. Improved solubility masking tomato aftertaste. Increased homogeneity of fortified orange drink.	[63]
Nanostructure lipid carriers (NLCs)	Emulsion created with lycopene, a lipid mixture, Tween 80 followed by pressure homogenization.	Biphasic release pattern with fast release initially and a slower afterward.	[6]
Whey protein isolate nanoparticles	Lycopene loaded whey protein isolate nanoparticles.	Enhance the oral bio-availability of lycopene. Controlled release. Facilitated absorption through the lymphatic pathway.	[17]
Gelatin nanofibers	A mixture of gelatin from bovine skin and tomato extract is used in electrospinning.	Better retention of lycopene. Better antioxidant activity during 14-days storage.	[64]
Ionic gelation	Lycopene watermelon concentrate mixed with sodium alginate or pectin. Encapsulation by dipping in CaCl2 and drying under vacuum.	More stable lycopene-rich beads. Good application as natural colorants/antioxidants in different types of food products.	[65]
Nano-encapsulation	CPCs (Chlorella pyrenoidosa cells) loaded with lycopene into a complex nutraceutical and exogenous.	Feasibility of lycopene encapsulation in the CPCs. Combined the activities of both materials. Novel nutraceuticals to reduce cellular oxidative stress.	[10]
Nano-emulsion	Lycopene from guava on nanoemulsifying system of natural oils.	Lycopene nano-emulsion with high stability. Significant inhibition of edema formation, suggesting a potential candidate for anti-inflammatory therapy.	[16]
Lipid-core Nanocapsules	Nano-encapsulation process mixed lycopene extract from guava with polycaprolactone polymer in acetone sorbitan monostearate.	The nanostructure was cytotoxic against cancer cells (human breast adenocarcinoma line MCF-7).	[12]
Nanoparticle	Polymer nanoparticle fucan-coated based on acetylated cashew gum and lycopene extract from guava.	Promising results for applicability in hydrophobic compounds carrying systems as lycopene with cytotoxic effect on the breast cancer cell.	[11]
Microencapsulation	Microencapsulation of lycopene from tomato peels by complex coacervation and freeze-drying.	The fine orange-yellow powder could be micro-encapsulated as stable lycopene applied to the food industry with properties against metabolic syndrome.	[3]