Table 2.
Characteristic biomolecules representing oxidative stress, innate immunity, and inflammatory and apoptotic/anti-apoptotic cascades.
| Characteristic | Control (H) (n = 89) |
Trauma/Surgery (I) (n =112) |
Sepsis (S) (n = 145) |
p # |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TOS/TAC, median (IQR) | 0.82 (0.40–1.40) ** | 1.49 (0.81–2.20) * | 8.90 (4.05–24.9) † | 0.001 |
| TOS (μmol/L), median (IQR) | 206 (99–340) ** | 315.6 (175–510) * | 1222 (493–2022) † | 0.001 |
| TAC (μmol/L), median (IQR) | 218 (188–320) ** | 207 (172–288.5) | 138.8 (63.5–190) † | 0.001 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 3.5 (1.24–14.8) ** | 77 (19–157) * | 86 (27–399) † | 0.001 |
| IL-8 (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 53.5 (25.5–154.7) | 50.5 (28–96) | 126.4 (56.4–233) | 0.083 |
| IL-10 (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 3.7 (0.4–11.5) ** | 10.2 (0.01–25) | 16.7 (5.2–68.7) † | 0.001 |
| IL-27 (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 0.4 (0.21–0.6) ** | 0.27 (0.2–0.7) | 0.51 (0.25–0.9) † | 0.009 |
| IL-17 (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 0.77 (0.2–33) | 0.75 (0.2–7.9) | 2.4 (0.2–8.5) | 0.711 |
| Hsp72 (ng/mL), median (IQR) | 0.2 (0.1–0.4) ** | 0.22 (0.12–0.4) | 0.67 (0.2–1.6) ** | 0.001 |
| Hsp90 (ng/mL), median (IQR) | 43.8 (13.6–76.6) ** | 45.5 (26.2–106) | 75.7 (38.2–183) ** | 0.001 |
| IFN-γ (IU/mL), median (IQR) | 5.3 (0.53–9.7) | 4.6 (0.13–7.9) | 8.9 (3.2–15.2) ** | 0.007 |
| TNF-α (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 4.36 (2.1–12.7) | 7.8 (3.6–259) ** | 25.4 (6.1–332.5) | 0.016 |
| Zinc (μg/dl), median (IQR) | 80 (72–93) ** | 49.5 (35–56.2) | 49.5 (37–60.7) ** | 0.001 |
| Glutamine (μmol/L), mean ± SE | 460 ± 238 | 478 ± 153 | 492 ± 162 | 0.602 |
| Glutathione (μmol/L), median (IQR) | 750 (550–800) ** | 650 (550–900) | 825 (650–1050) ** | 0.029 |
| Survivin protein (pg/mL), median (IQR) | 108 (28.6–180) ** | 140 (99.9–228) | 179 (125–420) ** | 0.001 |
| Caspase-3 (ng/mL), median (IQR) | 17.3 (9.9–44.4) | 11.3 (2.6–37.6) | 49.8 (9.3–90) ** | 0.021 |
| Caspase-9 (ng/mL), median (IQR) | 91.8 (80.7–105) ** | 92.7 (86–119) | 112 (95.3–146) | 0.014 |
| Survivin-WT isoform (copies/μL), median (IQR) | 0.005 (0.001–0.015) ** | 0.006 (0.001–0.019) | 0.046 (0.005–0.2) ** | 0.001 |
| Survivin-2B isoform (copies/μL), median (IQR) | 5.7 (2.4–11.3) | 10.9 (6.7–18.2) | 20.6 9.2–35.4) ** | 0.001 |
| Survivin-ΔΕx3 isoform (copies/μL), median (IQR) | 0.005 (0.003–0.016) | 0.011 (0.003–0.034) | 0.1 (0.012–0.36) ** | 0.001 |
| Survivin-3B isoform (copies/μL), median (IQR) | 0.1 (0.01–0.25) | 0.26 (0.03–0.57) ** | 0.11 (0.02–0.27) ** | 0.029 |
# Differences among groups (ANOVA, Kruskal–Wallis, x2 test, as appropriate): Post hoc differences: * control-SIRS, ** control-sepsis, † SIRS-sepsis. TOS = Total Oxidative Stress, TAC = Total antioxidant capacity, IQR = Interquartile Range, IL = Interleukin, IFN-γ = interferon gamma, TNF = tumor necrosis factor.