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. 2022 Jan 29;11(2):281. doi: 10.3390/antiox11020281

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Molecular mechanism of neuroprotection by α- and β-asarone. The multi-target effects of α- and β-asarone in the brain include anti-oxidant, mitochondrial protecting, anti-apoptotic, anti-aggregation, anti-inflammatory, and the regulation of various neuroprotective signalling pathways. Red down-arrow (↓) and green up-arrow (↑) signs indicate inhibition and activation by α- and β-asarone treatment, respectively. BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GDNF, glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor; PI3K/Akt, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; NTFs, neurotrophic factors.