Table 1.

Comparison between macrophages M1, M2, and TAMs.

	Macrophage M1	Macrophage M2	TAMs	References
Cell surface markers	CD14, 16, 68, 80, 86, MHCII	CD14, 163, 206, 209	CD68, 163, 204, 206	[212,237,238,239,263]
Polarization factor	Polarization of macrophages to M1 with LPS, IFN, TNF-α/γ	Polarization of macrophages to M2 with GF, CCL2, CXCL4, cytokines of Th2 (IL-4, IL-13), IL-10, IL-35, TGF-β, CXCL 1 or corticosteroids.	Same to M2s	[210,211,212,213,214,217,240,268,276]
Role	Detect, destroy immunostimulant pathogens	-Inhibit lymphocyte functions in the tumor -Suppress the pro-inflammatory response -Promote tumor progression -Promote angiogenesis-Degrade ECM	-Inhibit lymphocyte functions in the tumor -Suppress the pro -inflammatory response -Promote metastasis-Promote angiogenesis-Remodel the ECM -Suppress the adaptive immunity(M2)	[181,190,191,222,223,247,248,249,250,251,252,253]
Phenotype	Pro-inflammatory and tumor suppressor	Pro-tumor (tumor promoter)	Pro-tumor (tumor promoter)	[19,210,211,224]
Cytotoxic activity	Cytotoxic against microorganisms and tumor cells(phagocytosis)	Hyper-phagocytic (promoting debris trapping)	Hyper-phagocytic (promoting debris trapping)	[185,209,268]
Antigen presentation	High presentation potential	Low presentation potential	Low presentation potential	[216,217,218]
Effect on T lymphocyte	Produce high levels of Th1 cell stimulating cytokines	Suppress the proliferation and action of lymphocytes Th2 cells (IL-10)	Suppress the proliferation and action of lymphocytes Th2 cells (IL-10)	[19,216,217,265,266,267]
Inflammation	Stimulate inflammation	Negative control of the inflammatory response mediated by M1	Negative control of the inflammatory response mediated by M1	[216,217]
Chemokine profiles	Expressing chemokines attracting Th1 cells, such as CXCL9 and CXCL10	Release of chemokines, CCL17, CCL22, and CCL24	Release of chemokines CCL2, CXCL8, CCL18 (attract subsets of T cells lacking cytotoxic function) CCL17 and CCL22 (promote Th2 in tumors)	[19,217,225,231,283,284,285,286,287,288,289,290,291,292,293]
Immune capacity	Effective cells capable of killing tumor cells	Promote tissue remodeling and tumor progression	Promote tissue remodeling, tumor progression and metastasis	[27,209,241,243,244,245,246]
Secretion	IL-12; IL-1; ROS; IL-23 CXCL1–3; CXCL5; CXCL8–11	IL-10 autocrine circuit inhibits the expression of IL-12 and IFN-γ CCL17, 18, 22, 24 Mannose galactose ReceptorsMMP VEGF, EGF	IL-10 autocrine circuit inhibits the expression of IL-12 and IFN-γ IL-23, IL-17, IL-6 IL-8, IL-1β CCL17, 18, 22 VEGF, EGF, TNF-α, TGF-β, GFs, MMPs	[113,114,115,182,185,217,225,226,227,228,229,230,231]