Table 1.

Changes in the composition of the gut microbiota in patients with diabetes mellitus in clinical studies.

Type of Diabetes	Changes in Diabetes	References
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (children)	Increase in the number of Clostridium, Bacteroides and Veillonella Decrease in the number of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, the Blautia coccoides/Eubacterium rectale group, and Prevotella genus	[16]
Type 1 diabetes mellitus	Decrease in the number of Prevotella and Akkermansia Increase in the number of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Proteobacteria, Lactoabcillus, Lactococcus, Bifidobacterium, and Streptococcus	[17]
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Decrease in the proportion of Firmicutes Increase in the proportion of Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria	[18]
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Increase in the abundance of four Lactobacillus species and decreases in the abundance of five Clostridium species Decrease in the abundance of Roseburia and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii	[19]
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, positively correlated with fasting plasma glucose Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, negatively correlated with fasting plasma glucose	[20]
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Increase in Lactobacillus No changes in Prevotella genus	[21]
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Increase in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii No significant changes in Bacteroides fragilis and Bifidobacterium longum	[22]
Type 2 diabetes mellitus	Increase in Blautia and Serratia genus Decrease in Verrucomicrobia phylum	[23]