Table 2.
Polyphenolic compounds isolated from Moringa oleifera leaves.
| Phenolic Class | Phenolic Sub-Class | Compounds | Extracting Solvent | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phenolic acids | Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives |
Chlorogenic acid | Methanol, 70% methanol | [32,33] |
| Caffeic acid | Methanol, 70% methanol | [32,33] | ||
| p-coumaric acid, p-coumaric acid ethyl ester | Methanol, 70% methanol | [32,33] | ||
| Sinapic acid | Methanol; | [32] | ||
| Ferulic acid, ferulic acid-4-O-glucoside | 50% methanol | [32,34] | ||
| 1-Sinapoyl-2,2′-diferuloylgentiobiose | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34,35] | ||
| Schottenol/Sitosterol ferulate | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34] | ||
| 24-methylcholestanol ferulate | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34] | ||
| Feruloyl glucose | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34] | ||
| 2-S-glutathionyl caftaric acid | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34,35] | ||
| 1,2,2′-triferuloylgentiobiose | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34] | ||
| Quinic acid, dicaffeoyl quinic acid, 3-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 4-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3-caffeoylquinic acid 3-caffeoylquinic acid, 1,3-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 3,4-di-O-caffeoyquinic acid, 4,5-di-O-caffeoyquinic acid, coumaroylquinic acid isomer, 3-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid, feruloylquinic acid isomer, 3/4/5-sinapoylquinic acid, 3/4/5-feruloylquinic acid | Methanol, 50% methanol 70% methanol, 60% carbon dioxide expanded ethanol, Pressurized hot water, 80% ethanol | [33,35,36,37,38] | ||
| 1,2-diferuloylgentiobiose, 1,2-disinapoylgentiobiose | Methanol, 50% methanol | [35] | ||
| 24-methyllathosterol ferulate | Methanol, 50% methanol | [35] | ||
| Verbascoside | Methanol, 50% methanol | [35] | ||
| p-coumaroul glycolic acid | Methanol, 50% methanol | [35] | ||
| Sitosterol ferulate | Methanol, 50% methanol | [35] | ||
| Chicoric acid | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34] | ||
| o-coumaric acid | 70% methanol, Acetonitrile and 2N HCL | [33,39] | ||
| trans-ferulic acid | 70% methanol | [33] | ||
| trans-cinnamic acid | 70% methanol | [33] | ||
| Salvianolic acid | Methanol, 70% methanol | [33] | ||
| Caffeoyl shikimic acid | 60% carbon dioxide expanded ethanol, Pressurized hot water | [36] | ||
| Hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives | Protocatechuic acid | 70% methanol | [33] | |
| Syringic acid | Methanol, 50% methanol, 70% methanol, | [33,34,35] | ||
| Gallic acid, gallic acid ethyl ester, Gallic acid-4-O-glucoside | Methanol, 50% methanol, 70% methanol, 80% ethanol | [32,35,36,37,38] | ||
| 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid | Methanol, 50% methanol | [35] | ||
| 3-hydroxybenzoic acid | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34] | ||
| Vanillin, vanillin glucoside | 60% carbon dioxide expanded ethanol, Pressurized hot water | [32,36] | ||
| Avenanthramide 2f | ||||
| Hydroxyphenylacetic acid derivatives | 3.4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid | Methanol, 50% methanol | [35] | |
| Homoveratric acid | Methanol, 50% methanol | [35] | ||
| Flavonoids | Flavonol | dihydromyricetin-3-O-rhamnoside | Pressurized hot water; Acetonitrile and 2N HCL | [40] |
| Quercetin, quercetin-3,7-diglucoside, quercetin-3-rhamanoside, quercetin-3-sophroside, quercetin-3-acetyl-glucoside, quercetin-3-glucoside, 3,7-dimethylquercetin, quercetin-3-O-rhamanoside, quercetin-3-O-galactoside, dihydroquercetin, dihydroquercetin-3-O-rhamnoside, quercitin-3-O-glucosyl-xyloside, quercitin-3-O-xylosyl-rutinoside, quercetin-malonylglucoside, quercetin-3-β-D-glucoside, quercetin-acetylglucoside, quercetin hydroxy-methylglutaronylglucoside | Methanol; Pressurized hot water; 70% methanol, 50%methanol 60% cabon dioxide expanded ethanol, Acetonitrile and 2N HCL, 80% ethanol |
[32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40] | ||
| Rutin | Methanol, 70% methanol | [32,33] | ||
| kaempferol, kaempferol-3,7-diglucoside, kaempferol-3-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside kaempferol-7-glucoside, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, kaempferol-7-O-glucoside, kaempferol diacetyl-rhamnoside, kaempferol Acetyl-glucoside, kaempferol malonyl-glucoside | Methanol, Pressurized hot water; 70% methanol, 50% methanol; 60% cabon dioxide expanded ethanol, Acetonitrile and 2N HCL, 80% ethanol | [32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40] | ||
| Morin | Methanol | [32] | ||
| Procynadin dimer B7 | Methanol, 50% methanol | [35] | ||
| Methylgalangin | Methanol, 50% methanol | [35] | ||
| Isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside | 60% carbon dioxide expanded ethanol, Pressurized hot water, 80% ethanol | [36,38] | ||
| Silymarin | 70% methanol | [33] | ||
| Flavanols | Catechin, catechin-3-O-glucoside, | Methanol, 70% methanol; 50% methanol, Acetonitrile and 2N HCL | [32,33,35,39] | |
| Epicatechin | 70% methanol | [33] | ||
| Flavonones | ||||
| Pinocembrin | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34,35] | ||
| 6-Geranylnaringenin | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34,35] | ||
| Flavanone | Naringenin, 6-geranylnaringenin, naringenin-7-O-glucoside | Methanol, 50% methanol 70% methanol, Acetonitrile and 2N HCL | [33,34,35,39] | |
| Naringin, naringin-4-O-glucoside | Methanol, 50% methanol 70% methanol, Acetonitrile and 2N HCL | [33,34,35,39] | ||
| Eriodictyol, eriodictyol-7-O-glucoside | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34,35] | ||
| Eriocitrin | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34,35] | ||
| Flavones | Hispidulin | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34,35] | |
| Apigenin, apigenin-8-C-glucoside, apigenin-7-C-glucoside, apigenin-6-C-glucoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside | Methanol, 50% methanol 70% methanol, 80% ethanol | [33,35,37,38] | ||
| Luteolin, luteolin-7-O-malonyl-glucoside, luteolin-7-O-glucoside | Methanol, 50% methanol 70% methanol | [34,35] | ||
| Sinensetin | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34,35] | ||
| Geraldone | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34,35] | ||
| Tangeretin | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34,35] | ||
| Isovitexin | 70% methanol, 80% ethanol | [37,38] | ||
| Acacetin | 70% methanol | [33] | ||
| Cirsiliol | 70% methanol | [33] | ||
| Cirsilineol | 70% methanol | [33] | ||
| Jaceosidin | Methanol, 50% methanol | [35] | ||
| Myricitrin | Methanol, 50% methanol | [35] | ||
| Dihydrochalcones | 3-hydroxyphlorein-2-O-glucoside | Methanol, 50% methanol | [35] | |
| Phloretin-2-o-xylosyl-glucoside | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34] | ||
| Isoflavonoids | 6″-O-malonylgenistin | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34] | |
| Isoflavone | Genistin | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34,35] | |
| Biochanin A | Acetonitrile and 2N HCL | [39] | ||
| Anthocyanins | Pelargonidin, pelargonidin-3,5-O-diglucoside, pelargonidin-3-O-glucosyl-rutinoside | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34,35] | |
| Pinotin A | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34,35] | ||
| Delphinidin-3-O-sambubioside | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34,35] | ||
| Delphinidin-3-O-glucoside | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34,35] | ||
| Delphinidin-3-O-(6-acetyl-galactoside) | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34,35] | ||
| Peonidin-3-O-(6-acetyl-galactoside) | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34,35] | ||
| Cyanidin-3-O-xyloside | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34,35] | ||
| Cyanidin-3-O-(6-malonyl-galactoside) | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34,35] | ||
| Petunidin-3-O-(6-p-coumaroyl-glucoside) | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34,35] | ||
| Malvidin-2-O-xylosyl-glucoside | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34,35] | ||
| Thioglycosides (Glucosinolates) | Glucomoringin isomer | 60% carbon dioxide expanded ethanol, Pressurized hot water | [39] | |
| Other Polyphenols | Lignans | Secoisolariciresinol-sesquilignan | Methanol, 50% methanol, ethyl acetate | [39] |
| 7-hydroxysecoisolariciresinol | Methanol, 50% methanol, ethyl acetate | [39] | ||
| 7-oxomatairesinol | Methanol, 50% methanol, ethyl acetate | [39] | ||
| Isolariciresinol glucoside | Carbon dioxide expanded ethanol | [34,35] | ||
| Alkylphenols | 5-heptadecylresorcinol | Methanol, 50% methanol | [39] | |
| 5-pentacosylresorcinol | Methanol, 50% methanol | [39] | ||
| 5-nonadecylresorcinol | Methanol, 50% methanol | [39] | ||
| 5-henicosylresorcinol | Methanol, 50% methanol | [39] | ||
| 5-pentacosenylresorcinol | Methanol, 50% methanol | [39] | ||
| 4-vinylphenol | Methanol, 50% methanol, ethyl acetate | [34,35] | ||
| Hydroxycoumarins | Umbelliferone | Methanol, 50% methanol | [39] | |
| 4-hydroxycoumarin | Methanol, 50% methanol | [34] | ||
| Coumarin | Methanol, 50% methanol, ethyl acetate | [34] | ||
| Mellein | Methanol, 50% methanol, ethyl acetate | [34] | ||
| Hydroxyphenylpropenes | Estragole | Methanol, 50% methanol, ethyl acetate | [34,35] | |
| 6-Gingerol | Methanol, 50% methanol | [39] | ||
| Acetyl eugenol | Methanol, 50% methanol, ethyl acetate | [34] | ||
| Tyrosols | Hydroxytyrosol, Hydroxytyrosol-4-O-glucoside | Methanol, 50% methanol, ethyl acetate | [34,35] | |
| 3,4-DHPEA-AC | Methanol, 50% methanol, ethyl acetate | [39] | ||
| Curcuminoids | Curcumin | Methanol, 50% methanol, ethyl acetate | [34] | |
| Demothoxycurcumin | Methanol, 50% methanol, ethyl acetate | [39] | ||
| Furanocoumarins | Bergapten | Methanol, 50% methanol, ethyl acetate | [39] | |
| Hydroxycinnamaldehydes | Ferulaldehyde | Methanol, 50% methanol, ethyl acetate | [34] | |
| Naphtoquinones | 1,4-naptoquinone | Methanol, 50% methanol, ethyl acetate | [39] | |
| Alkylmethoxyphenols | 4-vinylsyringol | Methanol, 50% methanol | [39] | |
| Phenolic terpenes | Rosmanol | Methanol, 50% methanol | [39] | |
| Stilbenoids | Resveratrol, resveratrol-3-O-glucoside | Methanol, 50% methanol, Acetonitrile and 2N HCL | [34,35] |