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. 2022 Jan 29;10(2):316. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10020316

Figure 3.

Figure 3

A simplified schematic illustration of the pathogenic mechanisms by which T cells, B cells, and macrophages may be involved in the vascular abnormalities that characterize SSc immunopathology. ICAM-1 = intercellular adhesion molecule 1; VCAM-1 = vascular cell adhesion molecule 1; EndoMT = endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition; GZMB = granzyme B; NOS = nitric oxide synthase; DAMPs = damage-associated molecular patterns; MΦ = macrophages; B = B lymphocyte; CD4 = T helper cell; CD8 = cytotoxic T cell; TGF-β = transforming growth factor-β.