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. 2022 Feb 17;11(2):408. doi: 10.3390/antiox11020408

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Natural and synthetic antioxidants: Classification of natural and synthetic antioxidants and the endogenous Nrf2 pathway, which regulates the activation of ARE genes. Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) represents a negative regulator of Nrf2. Under physiological conditions, Keap1 forms a ubiquitin E3 ligase complex with Cullin3 in the cytoplasm that targets Nrf2 for polyubiquitination and rapid proteasomal degradation. During oxidative stress, cysteines in Keap1 are modified and inactivated, and Nrf2 can quickly translocate into the nucleus, where it binds to small musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog (sMaf) proteins, upregulates downstream ARE genes, and maintains redox homeostasis.