Table 1.

Clinical trials of antioxidants in neurodegenerative diseases.

Antioxidants	Route	Disease Patients	Dosage	Follow Up Period	No. of Patients	Outcome	References
Curcumin	Oral	AD ALS	1.5 g/d 100 mg/d	6 months 9 months	34 42	Reduced cognitive deterioration Slowdown in disease progression	[251,252]
Resveratrol	Oral	AD	1 g/d	52 weeks	119	Decreased Aβ1–40 and MMP-9 levels in CSF Slowed cognitive decline	[253]
GSH	Intranasal	PD	300 mg/d or 600 mg/d thrice 100 mg/d or 200 mg/d thrice	3 months	30 45	Safety and tolerability No significant differences between groups No effect on motor function	[256,257]
CoQ10	Oral	PD PD ALS	400, 800, 1200, and 2400 mg/d 1200 mg/d or 2400 mg/d 1800 mg/d and 2700 mg/d	10 weeks 16 months 9 months	16 600 105	Improved UPDRS, Reduced F2-isoprostanes No therapeutic benefit Decreased ALSFRSr No significant differences between groups at high dose	[258,259,260]
Ginkgo biloba	Oral	AD	120 mg/d twice	8 years	3069	No improvement in cognition	[261]
Edaravone (FDA Approved in 2017)	Intravenous	ALS	60 mg/d	24 Weeks	137	Decreased ALSFRSr	[262,263]
Lipoic acid and, Omega-3 fatty acids	Oral	AD	600 mg/d 675 mg docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 975 mg eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)	12 months	39	Slowed cognitive and functional decline	[268]
Vitamin E and, Memantine	Oral	AD	2000 IU/d20 mg/d	5 years	613	Slower functional deterioration in Vitamin E group	[269]
Vitamin E, Vitamin C, ALA, and CoQ	Oral	AD	800 IU/d 500 mg/d 900 mg/d 400 mg/d thrice	16 weeks	78	No effect on amyloid or tau pathology biomarkers	[270]
Omega-3 fatty acids and, Vitamin E	Oral	PD	1000 mg 400 IU	12 weeks	60	Improved UPDRS, TAC and GSH	[271]
Nanocurcumin and, Riluzole	Oral	ALS	80 mg/d 50 mg/d twice	12 months	54	Safety and tolerability Increased survival probability of ALS patients	[272]
Curcumin Formulation (Longvida) Solid-Lipid Curcumin	Oral	AD Control	2000 mg–3000 mg/d 400 mg/d	9 months 4 weeks	26 60	Not provided Improved cognition and mood	[273,274]