Table 1.
Study sample characteristics according to coffee consumption (ANRS CO22 Hepather cohort, n = 4746).
| Study Population (N = 4746) N (%) |
Coffee Consumption N (%) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics (% of missing) | 0 cup/day | 1–2 cups/day | ≥3 cups/day | p-value | |
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 3004 (63.3) | 973 (56.6) | 1086 (62.0) | 945 (74.2) | <10−3 |
| Female | 1742 (36.7) | 746 (43.4) | 667 (38.0) | 329 (25.8) | |
| Age (years) | |||||
| <40 | 1945 (41.0) | 910 (52.9) | 643 (36.7) | 392 (30.8) | <10−3 |
| 40–49 | 1157 (24.4) | 384 (22.3) | 406 (23.2) | 367 (28.8) | |
| 50–59 | 847 (17.8) | 231 (13.4) | 317 (18.1) | 299 (23.5) | |
| ≥60 | 797 (16.8) | 194 (11.3) | 387 (22.1) | 216 (17.0) | |
| Place of birth | |||||
| France | 1377 (29.0) | 387 (22.5) | 472 (26.9) | 518 (40.7) | <10−3 |
| Europe 1 | 497 (10.5) | 103 (6.0) | 208 (11.9) | 186 (14.6) | |
| North Africa | 412 (8.7) | 83 (4.8) | 199 (11.4) | 130 (10.2) | |
| Sub-Saharan Africa 2 | 1753 (36.9) | 921 (53.6) | 557 (31.8) | 275 (21.6) | |
| Asia | 707 (14.9) | 225 (13.1) | 317 (18.1) | 165 (13.0) | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) 3 (0.9) | |||||
| <25 (under or normal weight) | 2378 (50.6) | 889 (52.2) | 881 (50.8) | 608 (48.1) | 0.259 |
| ≥25 and <30 (overweight) | 1631 (34.7) | 566 (33.2) | 601 (34.7) | 464 (36.7) | |
| ≥30 (obese) | 693 (14.7) | 248 (14.6) | 252 (14.5) | 193 (15.3) | |
| Living in a couple (0.1) | |||||
| No | 1654 (34.9) | 703 (41.0) | 563 (32.2) | 388 (30.5) | <10−3 |
| Yes | 3086 (65.1) | 1013 (59.0) | 1188 (67.8) | 885 (69.5) | |
| Coffee consumption | |||||
| None | 1719 (36.2) | / | / | / | |
| 1–2 cups/day | 1753 (36.9) | / | / | / | |
| ≥3 cups/day | 1274 (26.8) | / | / | / | |
| Tea consumption (0.3) | |||||
| Non-daily | 2881 (60.9) | 1001 (58.3) | 1019 (58.4) | 861 (67.8) | <10−3 |
| Daily | 1851 (39.1) | 717 (41.7) | 726 (41.6) | 408 (32.2) | |
| Tea consumption (0.3) | |||||
| <3 cups/day | 4240 (89.6) | 1521 (88.5) | 1586 (90.9) | 1133 (89.3) | 0.069 |
| ≥3 cups/day | 492 (10.4) | 197 (11.5) | 159 (9.1) | 136 (10.7) | |
| Cannabis use (0.7) | |||||
| Never | 4417 (93.7) | 1637 (95.8) | 1652 (94.9) | 1128 (89.3) | <10−3 |
| Former | 176 (3.7) | 38 (2.2) | 57 (3.3) | 81 (6.4) | |
| Current | 120 (2.5) | 34 (2.0) | 32 (1.8) | 54 (4.3) | |
| Tobacco use | |||||
| Never | 3072 (64.7) | 1369 (79.6) | 1140 (65.1) | 563 (44.2) | <10−3 |
| Former | 830 (17.5) | 181 (10.5) | 338 (19.3) | 311 (24.4) | |
| Current | 843 (17.8) | 169 (9.8) | 274 (15.6) | 400 (31.4) | |
| Alcohol use (0.4) | |||||
| Abstinent without history of unhealthy use | 2711 (57.3) | 1149 (67.2) | 983 (56.3) | 579 (45.5) | <10−3 |
| Moderate use | 1750 (37.0) | 484 (28.3) | 664 (38.0) | 602 (47.3) | |
| Current or past unhealthy use | 268 (5.7) | 77 (4.5) | 100 (5.7) | 91 (7.2) | |
| Living in poverty (3.0) | |||||
| No | 2389 (51.9) | 707 (42.5) | 922 (54.1) | 760 (61.4) | <10−3 |
| Yes | 2214 (48.1) | 955 (57.5) | 781 (45.9) | 478 (38.6) | |
| Educational level (1.4) | |||||
| <upper secondary school certificate | 2283 (48.8) | 803 (47.4) | 855 (49.5) | 625 (49.8) | 0.335 |
| ≥upper secondary school certificate | 2395 (51.2) | 892 (52.6) | 872 (50.5) | 631 (50.2) | |
| Time since HBV diagnosis—in years (3.3) | |||||
| Median [IQR] | 9.2 [3.9–17.0] | 7.6 [3.2–13.7] | 9.5 [4.3–17.7] | 11.2 [4.6–19.6] | <10−3 |
| Advanced liver fibrosis 4 (11.5) | |||||
| No | 4020 (95.7) | 1450 (95.5) | 1494 (94.8) | 1076 (97.2) | 0.010 |
| Yes | 181 (4.3) | 68 (4.5) | 82 (5.2) | 31 (2.8) | |
| Dyslipidemia | |||||
| No | 4341 (91.5) | 1626 (94.6) | 1588 (90.6) | 1127 (88.5) | <10−3 |
| Yes | 405 (8.5) | 93 (5.4) | 165 (9.4) | 147 (11.5) | |
| Hypertension | |||||
| No | 3928 (82.8) | 1449 (84.3) | 1404 (80.1) | 1075 (84.4) | 0.001 |
| Yes | 818 (17.2) | 270 (15.7) | 349 (19.9) | 199 (15.6) | |
| Diabetes | |||||
| No | 4390 (92.5) | 1604 (93.3) | 1602 (91.4) | 1184 (92.9) | 0.078 |
| Yes | 356 (7.5) | 115 (6.7) | 151 (8.6) | 90 (7.1) | |
1 The category ‘Europe’ included participants from the U.S. (n = 2), New Zealand (n = 1), and South America (n = 11). 2 The category ‘Sub-Saharan Africa’ included participants from Haiti (n = 44) and the Dominican Republic (n = 2). 3 World Health Organization categorization [47]. 4 Advanced liver fibrosis was defined as an FIB-4 score > 3.25 [43].