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. 2022 Feb 14;11(2):379. doi: 10.3390/antiox11020379

Table 3.

Factors associated with hypertension (ANRS CO22 Hepather cohort, n = 4746).

Univariable Analysis Multivariable Analysis
(Model 1) 1
N = 4702		 Multivariable Analysis
(Model 2) 1
N = 4702		 Multivariable Analysis
(Model 3) 1
N = 4590
OR [95% CI] p-Value aOR [95% CI] p-Value aOR [95% CI] p-Value aOR [95% CI] p-Value
Gender
Male 1 1 1
Female 0.75 [0.64–0.89] 0.001 0.78 [0.63–0.95] 0.014 0.79 [0.63–0.97] 0.027
Age (years) <10−3 <10−3 <10−3 <10−3
<40 1 1 1 1
40–49 3.83 [2.84–5.17] <10−3 4.02 [2.93–5.51] <10−3 3.63 [2.60–5.06] <10−3 3.69 [2.71–5.04] <10−3
50–59 11.56 [8.71–15.35] <10−3 13.02 [9.54–17.76] <10−3 12.53 [9.02–17.39] <10−3 10.58 [7.75–14.44] <10−3
≥60 22.62 [17.11–29.91] <10−3 26.58 [19.21–36.78] <10−3 25.03 [17.75–35.30] <10−3 21.62 [15.62–29.90] <10−3
Place of birth <10−3 <10−3 <10−3 <10−3
France 1 1 1 1
Europe 2 0.71 [0.55–0.93] 0.013 0.77 [0.57–1.05] 0.103 0.74 [0.53–1.03] 0.076 0.79 [0.58–1.07] 0.126
North Africa 0.85 [0.64–1.11] 0.231 0.93 [0.68–1.28] 0.656 0.95 [0.68–1.31] 0.740 0.85 [0.61–1.19] 0.341
Sub-Saharan Africa 3 0.57 [0.47–0.68] <10−3 1.54 [1.20–1.98] 0.001 1.55 [1.19–2.01] 0.001 1.55 [1.20–1.99] 0.001
Asia 0.54 [0.42–0.70] <10−3 0.97 [0.73–1.30] 0.861 1.02 [0.75–1.39] 0.879 0.90 [0.68–1.21] 0.491
Body mass index (kg/m2) 4 <10−3 <10−3 <10−3 <10−3
<25 (under or normal weight) 1 1 1 1
≥25 and <30 (overweight) 1.82 [1.52–2.17] <10−3 1.56 [1.271.90] <10−3 1.58 [1.27–1.95] <10−3 1.44 [1.18–1.76] <10−3
≥30 (obese) 4.24 [3.47–5.19] <10−3 3.97 [3.12–5.04] <10−3 4.31 [3.36–5.55] <10−3 3.25 [2.55–4.14] <10−3
Living in a couple
No 1
Yes 1.29 [1.10–1.52] 0.002
Coffee consumption 0.001 0.001 0.004 0.003
None 1 1 1 1
1–2 cups/day 1.33 [1.12–1.59] 0.001 0.90 [0.73–1.11] 0.338 0.91 [0.72–1.13] 0.387 0.92 [0.74–1.14] 0.425
≥3 cups/day 0.99 [0.81–1.21] 0.949 0.64 [0.50–0.82] 0.001 0.65 [0.50–0.85] 0.001 0.66 [0.51–0.85] 0.001
Tea consumption
Non-daily 1
Daily 0.77 [0.66–0.90] 0.001
Tea consumption
<3 cups/day 1
≥3 cups/day 0.88 [0.68–1.14] 0.329
Cannabis use 0.001
Never 1
Former 0.59 [0.37–0.95] 0.028
Current 0.33 [0.16–0.68] 0.002
Tobacco use <10−3 0.013 0.018 0.007
Never 1 1 1 1
Former 2.20 [1.84–2.63] <10−3 1.19 [0.95–1.48] 0.125 1.21 [0.96–1.52] 0.111 1.26 [1.01–1.56] 0.038
Current 0.63 [0.49–0.80] <10−3 0.75 [0.57–1.00] 0.047 0.76 [0.56–1.02] 0.070 0.78 [0.59–1.03] 0.083
Alcohol use <10−3
Abstinent without history of unhealthy use 1
Moderate use 1.26 [1.07–1.48] 0.005
Current or past unhealthy use 2.42 [1.83–3.21] <10−3
Living in poverty
No 1
Yes 0.92 [0.78–1.07] 0.258
Educational level
<upper secondary school certificate 1 1 1
≥upper secondary school certificate 0.56 [0.48–0.65] <10−3 0.81 [0.67–0.96] 0.017 0.81 [0.67–0.98] 0.031
Time since HBV diagnosis—(years)
Advanced liver fibrosis 5 1.03 [1.02–1.04] <10−3
No 1 1
Yes 3.45 [2.54–4.70] <10−3 - 1.50 [1.05–2.13] 0.024 -
Diabetes - -
No 1 - - 1
Yes 7.23 [5.77–9.05] <10−3 - - 2.93 [2.23–3.84] <10−3
Hypertension
No 1 - - 1
Yes 4.22 [3.40–5.23] <10−3 - - 1.98 [1.52–2.57] <10−3

1 In model 1, advanced liver fibrosis, diabetes, and hypertension were not considered eligible for multivariate analyses. Model 2 is based on model 1, but advanced liver fibrosis is considered eligible for multivariate analyses. Model 3 is based on model 1, but both diabetes and hypertension were considered eligible for multivariate analyses. 2 The category ‘Europe’ included participants from the U.S. (n = 2), New Zealand (n = 1), and South America (n = 11). 3 The category ‘Sub-Saharan Africa’ included participants from Haiti (n = 44) and the Dominican Republic (n = 2). 4 World Health Organization categorization [47]. 5 Advanced liver fibrosis was defined as an FIB-4 score > 3.25 [43]. aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HBV, hepatitis B virus.