Table 4.
Factors associated with diabetes (ANRS CO22 Hepather cohort, n = 4746).
| Univariable Analysis | Multivariable Analysis (Model 1) 1 N = 4702 |
Multivariable Analysis (Model 2) 1 N = 4702 |
Multivariable Analysis (Model 3) 1 N = 4590 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR [95% CI] |
p- Value |
aOR [95% CI] | p-Value | aOR [95% CI] | p-Value | aOR [95% CI] | p-Value | |
| Gender | ||||||||
| Male | 1 | 1 | ||||||
| Female | 0.75 [0.59–0.94] | 0.014 | 0.75 [0.58–0.98] | 0.032 | ||||
| Age (years) | <10−3 | <10−3 | <10−3 | <10−3 | ||||
| <40 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| 40–49 | 2.74 [1.82–4.15] | <10−3 | 2.60 [1.68–4.02] | <10−3 | 2.59 [1.62–4.14] | <10−3 | 2.15 [1.38–3.35] | 0.001 |
| 50–59 | 7.49 [5.13–10.94] | <10−3 | 7.86 [5.22–11.83] | <10−3 | 7.79 [5.07–11.99] | <10−3 | 4.81 [3.10–7.44] | <10−3 |
| ≥60 | 11.44 [7.93–16.53] | <10−3 | 12.73 [8.34–19.43] | <10−3 | 11.71 [7.57–18.12] | <10−3 | 6.41 [4.04–10.17] | <10−3 |
| Place of birth | <10−3 | 0.048 | 0.016 | |||||
| France | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Europe 2 | 1.14 [0.78–1.64] | 0.501 | 1.20 [0.80–1.80] | 0.387 | 1.25 [0.82–1.92] | 0.299 | ||
| North Africa | 1.85 [1.31–2.61] | 0.001 | 1.67 [1.11–2.50] | 0.014 | 1.91 [1.27–2.87] | 0.002 | ||
| Sub-Saharan Africa 3 | 0.74 [0.56–0.98] | 0.037 | 1.39 [0.99–1.95] | 0.056 | 1.42 [1.00–2.02] | 0.051 | ||
| Asia | 0.91 [0.64–1.29] | 0.607 | 1.64 [1.11–2.42] | 0.013 | 1.67 [1.11–2.50] | 0.013 | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) 4 | <10−3 | <10−3 | <10−3 | <10−3 | ||||
| <25 (under or normal weight) | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| ≥25 and <30 (overweight) | 2.87 [2.17–3.79] | <10−3 | 2.41 [1.78–3.25] | <10−3 | 2.14 [1.57–2.92] | <10−3 | 2.23 [1.64–3.04] | <10−3 |
| ≥30 (obese) | 6.06 [4.51–8.14] | <10−3 | 5.13 [3.67–7.17] | <10−3 | 5.02 [3.61–6.99] | <10−3 | 3.73 [2.63–5.27] | <10−3 |
| Living in a couple | ||||||||
| No | 1 | |||||||
| Yes | 0.94 [0.75–1.18] | 0.581 | ||||||
| Coffee consumption | 0.079 | |||||||
| None | 1 | |||||||
| 1–2 cups/day | 1.31 [1.02–1.69] | 0.034 | ||||||
| ≥ 3 cups/day | 1.06 [0.80–1.41] | 0.689 | ||||||
| Tea consumption | ||||||||
| Non-daily | 1 | |||||||
| Daily | 0.83 [0.67–1.05] | 0.117 | ||||||
| Tea consumption | ||||||||
| <3 cups/day | 1 | |||||||
| ≥3 cups/day | 0.72 [0.49–1.07] | 0.109 | ||||||
| Cannabis use | 0.080 | |||||||
| Never | 1 | |||||||
| Former | 0.71 [0.37–1.37] | 0.311 | ||||||
| Current | 0.30 [0.10–0.96] | 0.043 | ||||||
| Tobacco use | <10−3 | |||||||
| Never | 1 | |||||||
| Former | 1.79 [1.39–2.31] | <10−3 | ||||||
| Current | 0.82 [0.59–1.13] | 0.225 | ||||||
| Alcohol use | <10−3 | 0.024 | 0.011 | |||||
| Abstinent without history of unhealthy use | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
| Moderate use | 0.80 [0.63–1.02] | 0.076 | 0.75 [0.57–0.99] | 0.041 | 0.73 [0.55–0.97] | 0.030 | ||
| Current or past unhealthy use | 2.21 [1.54–3.17] | <10−3 | 1.29 [0.84–1.96] | 0.240 | 1.37 [0.89–2.10] | 0.152 | ||
| Living in poverty | ||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 1.32 [1.06–1.65] | 0.013 | 1.52 [1.17–1.98] | 0.002 | 1.73 [1.33–2.25] | <10−3 | 1.44 [1.10–1.88] | 0.008 |
| Educational level | ||||||||
| <upper secondary school certificate | 1 | |||||||
| ≥upper secondary school certificate | 0.53 [0.42–0.66] | <10−3 | ||||||
| Time since HBV diagnosis (years) | 1.00 [0.99–1.01] | 0.989 | ||||||
| Advanced liver fibrosis 5 | ||||||||
| No | 1 | - | 1 | - | ||||
| Yes | 3.60 [2.48–5.23] | <10−3 | - | 2.14 [1.40–3.28] | <10−3 | - | ||
| Diabetes | ||||||||
| No | 1 | - | - | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 7.23 [5.77–9.05] | <10−3 | - | - | 2.99 [2.28–3.92] | <10−3 | ||
| Hypertension | ||||||||
| No | 1 | - | - | 1 | ||||
| Yes | 4.88 [3.76–6.33] | <10−3 | - | - | 2.49 [1.84–3.38] | <10−3 | ||
1 In model 1, advanced liver fibrosis, diabetes, and hypertension were not considered eligible for multivariate analyses. Model 2 is based on model 1, but advanced liver fibrosis is considered eligible for multivariate analyses. Model 3 is based on model 1, but both diabetes and hypertension were considered eligible for multivariate analyses. 2 The category ‘Europe’ included participants from the U.S. (n = 2), New Zealand (n = 1), and South America (n = 11). 3 The category ‘Sub-Saharan Africa’ included participants from Haiti (n = 44) and the Dominican Republic (n = 2). 4 World Health Organization categorization [47]. 5 Advanced liver fibrosis was defined as an FIB-4 score > 3.25 [43]. aOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HBV, hepatitis B virus.