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. 2022 Jan 18;11(2):155. doi: 10.3390/biology11020155

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic model showing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in plants as well as the ascorbate-glutathione (ascorbic acid/AA-GSH) and the guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) cycles. AA is oxidised by ROS and converted into monodehydroascorbate (MDHA). A set of three enzymes, including FAD-dependent monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), GSH-dependent dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR), catalyse the recycling of ascorbate. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) converts O₂^●− into H₂O₂. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (1), catalase (CAT) (2), and GPX (3) act as the main H₂O₂ detoxifying enzymes. AA and GSH are antioxidants. Abbreviations: ascorbate peroxidase (APX), oxidised glutathione (GSH), reduced glutathione (GSSG).