Table 3.
Changes in anthropometric and body composition.
| Variables | Groups | Pre-Training | Post-Training | CI 95% for Difference | Hedge’s g | % Changes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower | Upper | ||||||
|
BMI
(kg/m2) |
PH | 27.6 ± 1.9 | 26.3 ± 1.9 | −0.48 | 3.08 | −0.65 | −4.64 |
| CG | 28.8 ± 4.3 | 27.7 ± 4.6 | −3.08 | 5.26 | −0.23 | −3.92 | |
| SG | 29.9 ± 4.0 | 29.6 ± 4.1 | −3.49 | 4.09 | −0.07 | −1.06 | |
|
WHR
(cm) |
PH | 0.80 ± 0.05 | 0.79 ± 0.06 | −0.04 | 0.06 | −0.17 | −1.15 |
| CG | 0.73 ± 0.03 | 0.72 ± 0.03 | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.31 | −1.79 | |
| SG | 0.88 ± 0.18 | 0.80 ± 0.09 | −0.05 | 0.21 | −0.53 | −6.74 | |
|
Body mass
(kg) |
PH | 73.3 ± 5.3 | 70.2 ± 4.0 | −1.33 | 7.45 | −0.62 | −4.03 |
| CG | 76.7 ± 11.1 | 74.1 ± 11.1 | −7.83 | 13.01 | −0.22 | −3.40 | |
| SG | 77.3 ± 8.9 | 76.1 ± 10.0 | −7.64 | 10.10 | −0.12 | −1.73 | |
|
FFM
(kg) |
PH | 19.5 ± 2.1 | 19.1 ± 2.4 | −1.76 | 2.46 | −0.14 | −1.89 |
| CG | 18.8 ± 0.8 | 18.3 ± 0.96 * | −0.32 | 1.36 | −0.54 | −2.76 | |
| SG | 19.7 ± 2.3 | 20.1 ± 2.1 | −2.47 | 1.67 | 0.17 | 2.22 | |
| BF (%) | PH | 31.7 ± 3.0 | 30.4 ± 3.0 | −1.39 | 4.09 | −0.43 | −4.20 |
| CG | 32.0 ± 2.4 | 31.0 ± 3.0 | −1.48 | 3.62 | −0.37 | −3.43 | |
| SG | 33.9 ± 3.9 | 31.3 ± 2.9 | −0.64 | 5.82 | −0.71 | −7.29 | |
Abbreviation: BMI = body mass index; WHR = waist–hip ratio; FFM = free fat mass; BF% = body fat percentage; HIIT = high-intensity interval training; CI = confidence interval; PH = placebo and HIIT; CG = combined group spirulina and HIIT; SG = spirulina group. * to reflect significance pre- vs. post-test at the level of p < 0.05.