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Zingerone NPs disturbed the expression levels of EMT-associated proteins in human OSCC cell lines. Cells were treated with zingerone and/or zingerone NPs for 24 h. The EMT-associated proteins, including ZO-1, E-cadherin, N-cadherin, and vimentin, were analyzed and quantitated on Ca9-22 cells (A,D), Ca1-27 cells (B,E), and SAS cells (C,F), respectively, using Western blotting assay. Data are expressed as mean ± SEM of three experiments. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01.
