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. 2022 Jan 24;10(2):247. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10020247

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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A decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokine releases by taVNS in LPS-induced endotoxemia. (A) Mice were treated with taVNS and/or MLA treatment for acute inflammation from LPS. The expression levels of serum TNF-α and IL-1β were measured by ELISA. The decrease and recovery percentages of each cytokine were represented as a number. (B) The expression levels of serum TNF-α and IL-1β were determined using ELISA pre- and post-treatment of taVNS with different pulse frequency and time parameters. Data have been presented as the means and SD; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001, compared to the corresponding control.