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. 2022 Jan 24;10(2):247. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10020247

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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taVNS reduced inflammation of the spleen in LPS-induced endotoxemia. (A) Representative images of the spleen after treatment of taVNS with different pulse frequencies and time parameters. Scale bar: 5 mm. (B) Western blot analysis using an antibody against MPO was used to analyze the relative expression levels of neutrophils in the indicated stimulation conditions of taVNS on LPS-induced inflammation. The intensity ratios for MPO were presented as a graph using ImageJ. (C) The mRNA levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were determined by qPCR. All results have been presented as the means and SD; * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, and *** p < 0.001, compared to the control.