Table 1.
Microorganisms and associated host cell surface protein and pathogen infection at mucosal membrane. Mucous membrane is rich in glycosylated proteins and several pathogens, such as Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Vibrio cholerae, etc., exploit glycoproteins at the mucosal membrane.
| Microbes | Cell Surface Protein | Organ/Tissue | Disease | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Helicobacter pylori | Mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) | Gastric mucosa | Peptic ulcers | [36] |
| Vibrio cholerae | N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) | Small intestine | Cholera | [37] |
| Salmonella enterica | MUC1 | Intestinal epithelial cells | Typhoid | [38] |
| Leishmania species | Neuraminidase 1 (NEU 1) |
Skin, spleen, and liver | Leishmaniasis | [39] |
| Toxoplasma gondii | Spleen, lung, etc. | Toxoplasmosis | [40,41] | |
| Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli | MUC2 | Large intestine | Noninflammatory Diarrheas | [42] |
| Candida albicans | Msb2 | Mouth, throat, gut, and vagina | Candidiasis | [43,44] |
| Akkermansia muciniphila | Gastrointestinal mucin | Gastrointestinal tract | - | [45,46] |
| Clostridioides difficile | O-glycan mucin | Gastrointestinal tract | Diarrhea | [47] |
| Staphylococcus aureus | Nasal mucin | Brain, heart, and lung | Pneumonia and Meningitis | [48,49] |