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. 2022 Feb 5;11(2):246. doi: 10.3390/biology11020246

Figure 3.

Figure 3

A brief overview of the TLR2 signaling pathway in mammals [39,62]. TLR2 or its heterodimers are located on the cell membranes. The TLR2 signaling activation through TLR2/1 requires the participant of accessory molecule CD14, while TLR2/6 requires CD36. The TLR2 signaling pathway is activated after TLR2 ligand recognition (PAMPs or DAMPs). Subsequently, the adaptor proteins, MYD88 and TIRAP/MAL, are recruited. After a series of cascades involving NF-κB and MAPKs, various transcription factors are activated to induce pro-inflammatory cytokines. Of note, the shown TLR2 signaling components are not exclusive for this TLR receptor, and the phosphorylation and ubiquitination processes are not mentioned in this Figure. The expansion of gene symbols and more gene information can be found in the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee website (HGNC, www.genenames.org) or the Mouse Genome Database (MGD, www.informatics.jax.org).