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. 2022 Jan 28;10(2):310. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10020310

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Chromosomal instability in lung fibroblasts of IPF patients. (A) Telomere (red) and centromere (green) signals reveal the presence of dicentric chromosomes (yellow arrow), centric rings (red arrow), micronuclei (MN) (green arrow) with only telomere sequences related to the acentric chromosome lagging, nuclear buds (NBUD) (white arrow) and anaphase bridges (orange arrow) formation in IPF-TRG cells (63x magnification). Cells were counterstained with DAPI (blue). (B) Significantly higher frequency of dicentric chromosomes and centric rings in lung fibroblasts of IPF patients compared to those of controls as well as IPF-TRG patients and IPF-noTRG patients. (C) Frequencies of micronuclei in lung fibroblasts of IPF patients and of controls (D) Anaphase bridges as a consequence of formation of dicentric chromosomes were scored. Lung fibroblasts of IPF-TRG patients showed a high rate of anaphase bridge and micronuclei formation.