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. 2022 Jan 26;10(2):273. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines10020273

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of VT-95EE or VT-95EE-EA pretreatments (200 and 400 mg/kg) on the improvements of impaired learning and memory functions in scopolamine-treated amnesiac ICR mice. (A) The experimental protocol. There were seven groups (six heads of ICR mice/group), including the blank, the control, the VT-95EE (200, 400 mg/kg) groups, the VT-95EE-EA (200, 400 mg/kg) groups, and donepezil group (the positive control); (B) the learning and memory behaviors (the step-through latency, s) in the passive avoidance test. The scopolamine-injected mice without any sample treatments were used as the control. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post hoc Tukey’s test were used to compare the differences among multiple groups in the step-through latency (B). It was considered as the significant difference (p < 0.05) among groups which marked the different uppercase letters in the acquisition trial or marked the different lowercase letters in the retention trial.

Effects of VT-95EE or VT-95EE-EA pretreatments (200 and 400 mg/kg) on the improvements of impaired learning and memory functions in scopolamine-treated amnesiac ICR mice. (A) The experimental protocol. There were seven groups (six heads of ICR mice/group), including the blank, the control, the VT-95EE (200, 400 mg/kg) groups, the VT-95EE-EA (200, 400 mg/kg) groups, and donepezil group (the positive control); (B) the learning and memory behaviors (the step-through latency, s) in the passive avoidance test. The scopolamine-injected mice without any sample treatments were used as the control. The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post hoc Tukey’s test were used to compare the differences among multiple groups in the step-through latency (B). It was considered as the significant difference (p < 0.05) among groups which marked the different uppercase letters in the acquisition trial or marked the different lowercase letters in the retention trial.