Table 2.

Pain Assessment Tools for Term and Preterm Infants.

Acronym/Name	Items
Acute Procedural Pain
ABC [46]	Acuteness, rhythmicity, and continuity of crying
BIIP [47] Behavioral Indicators of Infant Pain	Behavioral state, brow bulge, eye squeeze, naso-labial furrow, horizontal mouth stretch, taut tongue, finger splay, fisting
BPSN [48,49] Bernese Pain Scale for Neonates	Alertness, duration of crying, time to calm, skin colour, eyebrow bulge with eye squeeze, posture, breathing pattern
DANS [43], Douleur Aigue Nouveau-ne	Facial expression, limb movements, vocal expression
FANS [50] Faceless acute neonatal pain scale	HRV, acute discomfort, limb movements, vocal expressions
FLACC [51] Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, Consolability scale (validated birth to adolescence)	Face, legs, activity, cry, consolability
NFCS [52] Neonatal Facial Coding System (some validation for post-operative pain)	Brow bulge, eye squeeze, naso-labial furrow, open lips, horizontal mouth stretch, vertical mouth stretch, lip purse, taut tongue, chin quiver
NIPS [53] Neonatal Infant Pain Scale	Facial expression, cry, breathing patterns, arms, legs, state of arousal
NIAPAS [54] Neonatal Infant Acute Pain Assessment Scale	GA, alertness, facial expressions, crying, muscle tension, breathing, respirator/CPAP, reaction to handling, heart rate, oxygen saturation
PIPP, PIPP-R [55,56] Premature Infant Pain Profile—Revised	GA, behavioural state, heart rate, oxygen saturation, brow bulge, eye squeeze, naso-labial furrow
Post-operative Pain
N-PASS [57] Neonatal Pain, Agitation and Sedation Scale (some validation for acute procedural pain)	Crying/irritability, behavior state, facial expression, extremities tone, vital signs
PAT [58] Pain Assessment Tool	Posture/tone, sleep pattern, expression, colour, cry, respirations, heart rate, oxygen saturation, blood pressure, nurse’s perception
Prolonged Pain
ALPS-Neo [59] Astrid Lindgren and Lund Children’s Hospital’s Pain and Stress Assessment Scale for Preterm and Sick Newborn Infants	Facial expression, breathing pattern, tone of extremities, hand/foot activity, level of activity
COMFORT neo [60] (Also validated for sedated infants)	Alertness, calmness/agitation, respiratory response, crying, body movement, facial tension, body muscle tone
EDIN [61] Échelle Douleur Inconfort Nouveau-né	Facial activity, body movements, quality of sleep, quality of contact with nurses, consolability
MAPS [62] Multidimensional Assessment of Pain Scale (Validated Birth to 31 months)	Vital signs, breathing pattern, facial expressions, body movement, state of arousal